Malaria has been endemic in China for a long time. The presence of the ancient Chinese character “Nük” (Malaria) among inscriptions on oracle-bone and bronzes of the Shang dynasty (about 16th century-11 th century B.C.) indicates that malaria was recognized as a disease entity in China more than 3, 000 years ago. However, albeit all the sufferings it had brought to the Chinese people, practically no attempt was made to contain it prior to the founding of the people's Republic. This paper is a brief report on the present status of malaria and its control in China.

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In vitro activity of macrophages obtained from mice immunized with Toxoplasma cell homogenate and subcellular fractions against invasion and intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites was examined.
Soluble and particulate fractions of the parasites were prepared by centrifuging the cell homogenate at 100, 000 xg for 120 min. Immunizations were performed with a combination of the antigen and Freund's complete adjuvant in mice.
To see the inhibitory effect of immune macrophages on the invasion and intracellular multiplication of the parasites, the number of parasites in macrophages in cultures was counted with time of incubation, and an inhibition against invasions was observed when immune lymphocytes were added to the culture regardless of the presence of anti-Toxoplasma serum. Intracellular multiplication of the parasities in immune macrophages was inhibited distinctly when they were preincubated with anti-Toxoplasma serum and the inhibition was enhanced by adding immune lymphocytes to the culture.
Among antigens used, particulate fraction of the parasite cells was most efficient for the protective activity of immune macrophages against invasion and multiplication of the parasites.Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, 770 Japan

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Despite several dozens of reports on the importation of malaria every year, it is one of the hardest jobs to obtain anti-malarial drugs in present day Japan, especially in small rural hospitals other than the organization of tropical diseases specialty.
This seems to be due to discontinuation of the drug production by the pharmaceutical manufactures because of too scarce demand to make the business profitable, on the one hand, and due to the suit raised in the past by the patients of Chloroquine-retinopathy which, it was claimed, had been caused by excessive doses of the said drug for another disease, on the other.
Since the Ministry of Welfare permits use of the drug if it is for malaria, it is hoped that its production be promorted by the Ministry under proper guidance and administration. As a matter of fact, we have cured three cases of malaria patients in 1974 through 1976, with great toils and labour for the acquisition of the drug, indeed.
At the moment, one of the private organization is hurrying to map out the institutes of malarial specialty in Japan, for the convenience of patients. And whenever necessary, we save the urgent situation by managing what little stock of the drugs that we have purchased in the foreign countries.
In this natural state all medicines are poisonous and harmful. It is our job as doctors to turn these poisonous elements into medicine. If a doctor is careless in prescribing medicine, then he must be responsible for his actions even at the risk of being used. That is why every doctor should dedicate himself for an entire lifetime toward the improvement and study of such fundamental sciences as pharmacology, physiology, pathology and epidemiology. In conclusion, persons in the medical profession and members of the Ministry of Health and Welfare occupy responsible positions of complete exposure and should make every effort to provide patients with the proper medical care.

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In Japan the outbreak of typhoid fever has rapidly become scarce after World War II and it is now disregarded as the “disease of the past” in our clinical sphere. We have lately come across five cases of typhoid fever on which clinical and epidemiological studies were made. The five cases broke out from August 1976 through November 1979. Patients were four females (20, 19 and 52 years old respectively) and one male (26 years old). Suspected places of their contraction of the disease were Korea for two patients and Kagoshima and Ibusuki cities, Japan for the others. Phage types of causa-tive bacilli were E, 53 and A degraded (found in patients infected in Kagoshima and Ibusuki cities, Japan) and 53 and A degraded were detected in patients who had visited Korea. Initial symptoms developed with the patients were chill, headache and high fever (39.7 C-40.6 C). One of the patients suffered from diarrhea. On the contrary, three of them complained of constipation. Deep red-colored papules appeared on the chest-abdomen region of a patient. There was splenomegaly in two patients while hepatomegaly was found in another patient. Increased LDH level and slight liver function deficiency were seen in all five patients. White blood cell counts varied in the course of the disease. There was leukopenia in all cases ranging from 1, 600/mm³ to 5, 000/mm³. Positive urine protein was noticed in four patients, which turned negative afterwards. Diazo reaction test was performed on two patients who were found to be negative. Intestinal fluoroscopy was done on one patient. An irregular longitudinal niche along a long axis of the intestinal tract and convergence of the intestinal folds were found by press technique. A nodular picture was also seen around the niche. Clinical diagnosis of septicemia was made in four patients and severe infection in one patient. Definite diagnosis was confirmed as a result of arterial blood culture. Periods elapsed from onset of initial symptoms until the time when definite diagnosis was made were 14, 17, 18, 28 and 37 days in each case. The bacilli detected were sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested. Especially, almost all the bacilli detected were sensitive to chloramphenicol. A patient who was supposed to be infected with the bacilli in Korea had joined a Korean tour group from August 4, 1976 through August 11, 1976. Two of 75 tourists on the group contracted the disease. Concurrently, it was reported that 21 patients in a group and six in the other (51 and 73 tourists on each group), both of which tourist groups had traveled Tokyo and Osaka area, contracted typhoid fever. Those facts showed that we should bear imported cases of typhoid fever in mind. However, three of the five patients had never visited any foreign countries and the other three patients were strongly suspected of being infected with Salmonella typhi in Kagoshima and Ibusuki cities, Japan. The fact should carefully be paid attntion to.

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