This study aims at encouraging the CDM projects, which contribute to sustainable development (SD) of host countries. For this purpose, a novel mathematical model is proposed to evaluate CDMprojects fromthe viewpoint of SD. Namely, we identify the hierarchical structure of SD indicators, using DEMATEL method. Furthermore, our evaluation model is successfully simplified, since it does not need a complicated process, but just a result of DEMATEL analysis. Next, 67 projects are evaluated as case studies, using the proposedmodel. As a result, a degree of contributing to SD of methane related projects tends to be high. However, it is necessary to evaluate projects one by one, since a degree of contributing to SD is varied widely even among same type of projects.

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This paper discusses the situations and challenges of participation for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). It has been expected that both developed and developing countries need to emphasize the promotion of 3R: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle for SWM. Especially MSW problems come from citizens' consumption style therefore participation is important issue in 3R of MSW. The purpose of this study is to discuss the participative challenges to promote 3R in the developing countries. 5 Asian cities were chosen for the case study, and the analysis was done on the each stage of realization, policy making, enforcement and management. As the challenges, it is suggested the consensus promotion of 3R and the system making with local participative approach. Moreover, the supervisory stakeholders need to connect participation with MSW policies.

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The aim of this study is to verify how the visitors' satisfactions with the events held in the city center are correlated with the possibilities to be motivated to stroll in the city center from a viewpoint of consumer behavior studies which apply marketing theory and propose management by objectives. The study has revealed that the events do stimulate the people to visit and stroll the city center. It has also identified the cause which effects people's total satisfaction and intention to rejoin the events in the future. Furthermore, the study has clarified that to improve visitors' total satisfactions with the events will raise their intention to rejoin future events and to visit the city center.

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One of the most contentious issues on the regime-making process of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is on the concept of "introduction from the sea" and the inclusion on the Appendix I of marine species, especially great whales, thereby constituting institutional linkage between CITES regime and regulations by International Whaling Commission. This paper sheds light on this initiative by the United States as well as the response of Japan, using analytical and conceptual framework of theories of international institutional linkage. It concludes by explaining the consequences of the proposal and considering its implications.

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This study examined the provisions of Korean Constitution, Local Government Act, Framework Act on Environmental Policy and 5 other environmental laws, mainly focusing on thechanges of the local government system and the sharing roles between the national and localgovernments. The present states of the local environmental policies including the enactments oflocal ordinances were examined. Since mid-1990's when local government system was put into force, the local roles in the environmental policy have expanded, which can be seen in the enactment of local ordinances among the upper-level local government(ULLG), the additional transfer of law enforcement to the ULLGs, the policies taken in Gyeonggi Province and so on. On the other hand, in each ULLGs, the reinforcement of the environmental administrative enforcement system and the promotion of theenvironmental policy introduction are future tasks.

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According to the Triple Bottom Line concept, sustainable development involves the economic prosperity, enrivonmental quality, and social justice. A lot of methods for evaluating the environmental and economic aspects exist, however, there are currently only few methods to assess social impacts. For the development of a method it is firstly necessary to think about what a social impact is. In this study a social impact assessment framework with safeguard subjects being based on international agreements. In addition, weighting factors for each of the safeguard subjects were decided using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). From the results of the AHP, the type of society which people want can be assessed. It is expected that the method developed in this research can be applied to assess sustainability of the three aspects and to identify the trade-offs between them.

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In this study, we conducted field measurements of energy consumption for two supercomputers and one cluster computer, and studied the appropriate definition of energy efficiency for high performance computers. We found that unlike automobiles and air-conditioners, energy use of a high performance computer has no proportional relationship with the amount of its utility. Taking into account the fact that the stock of high performance computers has inverse relationship with their performances, the appropriate definition of energy efficiency should be the ratio between performance and average power requirement. Because the energy efficiency based on theoretical performance does not reflect the actual energy efficiency, practical performance should be used in the definition of energy efficiency.

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While Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is one of the sustainable development tools and is considered to be effective for recognizing the needs of projects for the public welfare, Japan has not developed a full-dress SEA system, yet. In order to obtain useful learnings on an SEA system, this research aimed to analyze the characteristics of SEA in the statutory development planning system in England, and examined the contexts of town and country planning and environmental consideration system, such as environmental assessment, for finding out the possible reasons for the qualified characteristic of the SEA system.

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There are several types of protection such as "protection" and "conservation" in nature conservation policy. In addition, the objectives of protection are wide ranging, from "nature" to "biodiversity". This study aims at revealing changes in the concept of nature conservation policy through the analysis of the transition in the terms of the IUCN General Assembly resolutions. The results show that "protection" of "nature" changed into "conservation" of "ecosystems" and "biodiversity", and then into "recovery" requiring more pro-active response. As for resources, genetic resources of plants have attracted attention.

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This paper argues that there is a statistically and substantively significant relationship between local political factors and local environmental policy. I establish this linkage by taking the budget that Japanese prefectural governments allocate for the environment as a proxy for the local environmental policy. The budget typically plays a critical role in implementing environmental policies and regulations. Results from my regression models (panel data analysis) confirm that political factors such as the progressivism of regional governors have significant effects on the amount of the budget that local governments reserve for the environment.

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In this study, by picking up the "Green Organization in Nerima", which is doing activities related to the green such as conservation of forest land in cooperation with various groups and public administrations, the tasks that must be addressed when the advancement in the network is made in the future mainly by this organization was clarified. As a result of the study, the following things were defined as the main tasks: 1) The relationship with a group related before or the one with which a contact has been made at an event, etc. should not be made light of, and information should be exchanged with them regularly; 2) The actual condition of the activities executed by the other civic groups that are doing the activity related to the green should be understood; 3) An active approach should be made toward the groups that are interested in the green environment as well as those related to the green environment, and the number of the group's members should be increased; and so on.

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The private sector management system law was enforced in September, 2003. Under the circumstances, we investigated the number of facilities, what kind of management group, criteria for selection for the municipality where introduced a private sector management system into by September, 2006. As results, the facility intended for of the private sector management was 1,964 cases and the management body chosen by law was 1327 groups in the whole country. As the next step, we analyzed an examination item for the evaluation system for 306 facilities which located at coastal area with various legal and management limitation. After that we clarified the characteristic of coastal facilities. A municipality requested the talented people such as a marina security manager who has well knowing natural condition, and authorized life saver who has well educated at beach.

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In this study, we examine the formation process and the requirement of various usage of road space after the introduction of the regulation on road space usage through the case studies of two types of road at Xi'an city in China. As the results, the following are made clear. 1)the various form of activities appear on the street as a public space, based on people's various and indispensable activity needs. 2)These various form of activities on street space have been connived though it is illegal as for juridical because the systemof self-management in the district exists.

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It is important to plan out the sustainable city, when many environmental issues occurred. I guess it is better to city planning based on ordinary neighborhood about welfare, medical treatment, public services or regulation of land-use. I defined the ordinary neighborhood; inhabitants ordinary use in their life. And this research aimed to make estimate the citizens' ordinary neighborhood model base on the fact. I suggested more simply method to build up the model by questionnaire survey. In the results, it was cleared that the rail station and shopping market within 1,800m have influence on the neighborhood. I built up the model on the two steps. And I can estimate the ordinary neighborhood over 70% by this model.

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In order to evaluate the effectiveness of paving urban streets with the water-retentive pavement, from the viewpoint of urban, thermal environment improvement, outdoor experiments to investigate characteristics of the water-retentive pavement and computer simulations are conducted and the AUSSSM was verified. Based on the experiments, we adjusted parameters of the model, such as the setting of hydraulic conductivity and saturation water cut to improve validity of the model. By providing realistic conditions, such as meteorological data (as the boundary condition) and actual measurement value based on the experiments, the model showed excellent fitting with observed values. The simulation results clarified that the water-retentive pavement would improve the thermal environment of urban areas.

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This study had two main purposes; the first was to pursue a cost - effective approach to developing observation and monitoring techniques for studying urban heat island (UHI) in large cities in developing countries, and the second was to document and characterize the UHI in summer in Shanghai, a expanding city, in order to find effective methods to mitigate the impact of UHI. The results of field observations in 2005 clearly showed that the UHI reached its greatest intensity on cloudless nights between 22:00 and 23:00 in July, between 0:00 and 3:00 in August. The maximum UHI intensity was over 4.3°C in July, and over 3.4°C depending on the wind speed and direction. In particular, the lower UHI intensity in parks developed after 19:30, and the greatest difference of mean UHI intensity between park and in central urban residential areas reached 1.5°C around 21:00 - 23:00 in July and August.

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This research is a basic investigation of the proposed CLP Design in easing the heat island phenomenon using the microclimate effect of SHINSUI Park and characteristic of the line. The measurement survey was done in SHINSUI Park in Edogawa Ward using the water and green network. As a result, low temperature level and distribution of high humidity was confirmed above the surface of the water near the trees. Moreover, effect was observed within 30m range on the leeward of the park, that is, in the city area and also within 10m range on the windward side. We realize a CLP design by using of a microclimate formation effect formed around these SHINSUI Park.

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We developed a prediction system of heat disorder using a numerical model to quantitatively predict a risk of heat disorder in urban areas. This model consists of a mesoscale meteorological model, an urban canopy model, and a prediction model of air-conditioning waste heat. We verified a calculation accuracy of the prediction system using a thermal index: WBGT(wet-bulb globe temperature), in the Osaka City. As a result, the system provided the quantitative performance of the WBGT throughout the evaluated entire period both day- and nighttime. Especially, the system with the three models reproduces remarkably better than the only mesoscale meteorological model.

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It is necessary to agree on political and international framework to ease climate change. In Japan, we have no weighty alternative to Kyoto Protocol framework, and play second fiddle under negotiation. On the basis of such fact, the aim of this study is presenting effective and realistic alternative to Kyoto Protocol framework to help build consensus within Japan. To put it concretely, we search for a broad outline of such proposal with the Analytic Hierarchy Process: AHP, investigate maximum likelihood scenario with Cross Impact Matrix Method, and estimate CO₂ emission per unit of the steel industry as an example. As a consequence, sectoral approach, which can be used widely, is the most influential alternative.

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In this study, we investigate the direct and indirect impacts of Chinese households on CO₂ emissions issue in recent years. For this purpose, we first estimate the CO₂ emissions from direct fossil fuel combustion by household in both rural and urban areas, then the indirect CO₂ emissions induced by final consumption of household are calculated using Input-Output analysis. Thus the direct and indirect CO₂ emissions created by household expenditures in each province of China are also estimated. The disparities across regions are also analyzed.

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The purpose of this paper is to study on the relation between environmental taxes and existing energy excise taxes for tackling climate change issue in the UK, France, Germany and the Netherlands. The result shows that environmental taxes include Climate Change Levy(CCL,UK), Mineral Oil tax and Electricity tax(Germany), Tax on General Pollution Activities(France), Energy tax and General Fuel tax(Netherlands). In the UK the Hydrocarbon Oil Duties(HOD) as an existing energy tax has partly a role to be environmental tax. In the UK, new policy mix including CCL, emission trading and climate change agreement are introduced for business and the environmental aspect of HOD is effectively utilized for transport and civil sectors. In Japan historical review of existing taxes should be conducted for developing environmental friendly tax system.

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In order to discuss the role of the climate change impact research for the agreement on long-term target setting for combating climate change, this paper has summarized important points relevant to the agreement. It follows from these points that one of the important roles of the climate change impact research is integration of discrete knowledge on multi-region and multi-sector impacts. We have developed the climate change impact database which stores the sectoral impact records with common data such as scenario, target year and global mean temperature increase and possesses a function to display plural sectoral impact records in parallel utilizing the common data as an explanatory variable. The database is expected to provide decision-makers the knowledge of impacts effectively aiming at the long-term target setting.

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This study aims to discuss the method of quantitative analysis on environmental conservation effects of open space, to examine the relationships between the effects and land use control, and to discuss how the land use control ought to be. The case study areas were selected in urban and suburban areas (Miyakogawa river basin, Chiba, Japan). Basic methods were quantitative analysis of effects and impact simulation for land use control, using Geographical Information System. Based on the results of this study, it was clarified that quantity of environmental conservation effects is affected by distribution of forest land, rice field and paddy field in upper waters. Regarding land use control in this type of areas, open space conservation in suburbs and upper waters and reclamation of wet land such as rice field are necessary.

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There is a request to save a desirable landscape, and this demand is gradually increasing. In my opinion, one of the most effective way is planting trees in residential area, where is in majority of the urban area, to satisfy this needs. However, as most of them cannot keep such a rich space. In reality, we must consider how to save the green effectively in a narrow area. To consider this subject, I focus on the scenic area especially the narrow one. In this area, we are bound by the rule to keep a certain green. I use a questionnaire to know, good case and what makes people decide as it is agreeable. After this search, we made clear that add regulation about hedge and the tree to the present ratio of green coverage standard can work as the greenery model for improvement of townscape in Scenic District with Small Residential Sites.

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We report on community environmental mapping through public participation using GIS and identify results and problems of this case study. Results of this case study show that community environmental maps are a useful tool to visualize and to share environmental information among participants; they became an environmental database for the area. Moreover, a user-friendly GIS was developed for easy operation of participants. They were able to operate the user-friendly GIS smoothly, although the GIS operation was difficult for general users. We were able to solve the problem by offering that technology. It will be necessary to consider social dimensions of the spread of GIS, to support system-making for technical co-operation, and to publicize it according to accumulation of data and access to it from the public.

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The aim of this study is to discuss the concept "Landscape Unit (L.U.)" based on thecombination of the topography and the vegetation in the urbanized- Satoyama. We selected the Kurokawa- Kami area and the vicinity as the case study area. To grasp the characteristics and the validity of the L.U., we used the multiple classification analysis and the preference index I. As the results, these characteristics were clarified; grasp the present situation of the urbanized- Satoyama based on geomorphic change, and grasp the relationship with the nature of the urbanized- Satoyama and the city dwellers. We considered the possibility of the urbanized- Satoyama structure contained the city dwellers' psychological evaluation and culture.

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In this research, GIS database was developed to support the circulation scenarios of municipal solid wastes in Kawasaki City. To determine new waste collection boundaries, disaggregate spatial database of 1km grids for household and business general waste was developed. Transportation network was applied to determine collection boundaries of treatment facilities with shortest transportation distance.CO₂ emissions of circulation policy scenarios from the transportation process, the operation of new existing treatment facilities, and CO₂ emission reduction effects from circulation of organic wastes were calculated.

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The area of coastal black pine forest along Kujukuri coast is decreasing. It is important to understand the change of the coastal black pine forest. In this study, we analyzed the change of pine forest by using multi level slice classifier with aerial photographs taken in 1974 and 2006. From the comparison of two classification results, we confirmed that the area of the black pine forest has decreased. In particular, the decrease of the black pine forest was shown along the road that passed the center of the forest. We also calculated the change ratio with which the black pine forest in 1974 changed to other vegetation in 2006. The change ratio differed largely depending on the place and was mostly around 20-60%.

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We examined a method to estimate soil moisture distribution using airborne laser scanner data. The equipment used in this study can irradiate the laser pulse, and measure not only the distance between the aircraft and the target point but also reflective intensity of pulse wave 1069nm. Since a linear relationship between the laser reflectivity for 1069nm of the soil measured on the different moisture condition under artificial light in the laboratory and the volumetric water content was obtained, we concluded laser reflectivity can be used to estimate soil moisture. The relationship between soil moisture estimated by airborne laser scanner data and those measured on the ground showed good coincident except high water content. Consequently, soil moisture maps were drown by processing the laser reflectivity image obtained by airborne laser scanner data.

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An image processing algorithm to automatically count asbestos fibers was developed. To accurately detect target objects in an image, a method detecting edges of the objects, instead of existing thresholding methods, was used. Recognition of the edges was achieved by difference of luminance between the objects and the surrounding background in an image. A commercially available image processing library was used to implement this algorithm. Applying this algorithm to asbestos samples (n=18) whose concentration ranges were from several to several thousands fibers per liter, it was confirmed the counting results were consistent with those by the existing visual counting method. Since this implementation enables to automatically process numerous images and count many fibers at a time, the statistical error on counting can be efficiently eliminated.

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Urbanization has become an important contributor for thermal condition, and the temperature has been increased in not only large city also medium city as well. In order to improve the environment, several methods have been applied. One of them is use of tree's cooling function: trapping direct sunshine and evapotranspiration. Therefore it is very important to estimate vegetation fraction in the city. Previous researches have already shown several methods to estimate vegetation fraction. In this study, the characteristic of those parameters are discussed to identify the optimum index to estimate vegetation fraction in the city, where vegetation distribution is heterogeneous in vitality and distribution pattern.

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We estimated soil moisture in and around Sarobetsu mire, in which desiccation worsens using data of PALSAR and AVNIR-2, which were put on Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). The backscattering coefficients that are obtained as PALSAR data include information of vegetation and surface roughness besides soil moisture. Therefore we incorporated the temporal differential NDVI as a variable about vegetation, and removed effect of surface roughness by using difference between the obtained satellite data and the data of the reference day to estimate soil moisture from backscattering coefficients. Then we made a model from the processed data and measured volumetric soil moisture. The estimated volumetric soil moisture shows a linear relationship with the measured one, with high correlation coefficient and the validation of the method was shown.

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This paper aims to develop the benefit transfer system to facilitate evaluation of external benefit of public projects. We take Oasis maintenance project as a case study, which is carried out for reservoirs in Osaka prefecture. Benefit transfer in this paper is conducted by the following process; 1. Classification of reservoirs by professionals, 2. Valuing the external effect of a representative reservoir, 3. Benefit Transfer among the same classification. We apply GIS to integrate the geographical information for the purpose of execution of easy and effect evaluation.

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Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in Japan suggested design guideline for buildings for reliving heat-island phenomenon in urban area, which indicated that decreasing surface temperature and easing thermal environment should be considered on plane and design for space of sidewalk. This report examines thermal characteristics of pavements. The pavements treated in this study are both water-absorptive pavement can be designed by using various colors and asphalt concrete. This study estimates the effect on pedestrians of different pavements through a numerical analysis based on the measured surface temperature of pavement and on actual meteorological data. It investigates thermal characteristics of pavements by applying a core-shell model of human temperature regulation and a rational temperature index.

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The objective of this study was to obtain the radiation balance characteristics of rooftop planting by an experimental method to examine the effects to mitigate the heat environment. In particular, this study analyzed the data in summer when the effects of rooftop planting are most obvious, and in winter when there are only few reported cases of the effects. The result of measuring the amount of radiation balance from surface of wall and rooftop shows that amount of upward atmospheric radiation with planting was less than that without planting (about 1.4×10³kJ·m^-2 par a day) in summer and some amount in winter. Therefore, as the results show, the differences of the radiation balance characteristics were quantitatively observed.We estimated soil moisture in and around Sarobetsu mire, in which desiccation worsens using data of PALSAR and AVNIR-2, which were put on Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). The backscattering coefficients that are obtained as PALSAR data include information of vegetation and surface roughness besides soil moisture. Therefore we incorporated the temporal differential NDVI as a variable about vegetation, and removed effect of surface roughness by using difference between the obtained satellite data and the data of the reference day to estimate soil moisture from backscattering coefficients. Then we made a model from the processed data and measured volumetric soil moisture. The estimated volumetric soil moisture shows a linear relationship with the measured one, with high correlation coefficient and the validation of the method was shown.

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Microclimatic observations about the thermal environment of classroom with outer vertical green screen were performed during 20 days in summer. Green screen have a large effect of improving the radiation environment, although it leads also negative effect for thermal comfort to reduce the cross ventilation rate. As for the illumination in the classroom, it was decreased to one-third of that without screen condition. However, it does not result in the increase of extra electric energy for the lighting, because artificial lighting equipments were always used even a well-lighted condition by the sky light.

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We carried out micro-meteorological observation in Shinjuku-Gyoen for about 1 month to detect the park breeze induced by the temperature difference between the park and the surrounding urban area. From the wind direction and wind velocity observed in the observation, frequency and duration of the park breeze were analyzed. Within 38 observation days, the park breeze was observed in 28 days and the average duration per days (10 minutes unit) were 9.64. The wind velocity average during the park breeze was from 0.2 to 0.3 m/s, which was measured by the supersonic anemometer located at the south point of Shinjuku-Gyoen. The frequency of the park breeze was high from 18:00 to 6:00 and was particularly high from 2:00 to 5:00. Duration of the park breeze was also high in the same period of time.

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The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of zero-emission activities in beer factories as advanced examples. A questionnaire survey was conducted to grasp the manufacturing process of beer and the present classification systems of waste and material-recycling activities at each manufacturing stage. Based on these results, zero-emission activities were studied by conducting a further interview survey. The findings of this study can be summarized in the following three points: (1)Zero-emission activities can be classified into two types. There are differences in responses to regional characteristics and administrative measures, and the influence of managers' awareness; (2) It is easy for beer factories in stockbreeding regions to achieve material recycling, and it is necessary to consider regional characteristics when conducting zero-emission activities; (3) The differences in the drain basic unit of each company were clarified through the differences in approaches and equipment in each company or beer factory.

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Planning to public utilities, introduction of public participation and consensus building process are required. Design of consensus building process is needed for practice of public participation. This paper aimed to analyze the consensus building process of planning the waste treatment plant for Chushin region in Nagano Prefecture. Through this case study, the following things were clarified. This process was preceded according to the model in macro level, slowly by repeating back and forth in micro level. Back and forth process increases in a plan with much decision matters, Back and forth process between solution seeking and consensus appears frequently, and Back and forth process was happened coped with committee members' remarks.

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This study aims to clarify the spatial characteristics of illegal dumping sites in and around urban area. The analysis revealed the fact that the illegal dumping sites were distributed numerous in urban regulated area, especially in urban fringe. Furthermore, as a result of analysis of spatial framework of multiple illegal dumping sites, land use patterns are classified into three types, such as build-up area, rural and low-land-use area and forest area. Based on the results in this study, it was proposed to consider the distribution and the land use differences of multiple illegal dumping sites for the purpose of make an effective plan of reducing the wastes dumped illegally.

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The research site was "Rainbow Plan" which is a resource circulation regional system based on organic waste recycling. That advanced practice has been carried on for about ten years. To solve the new problems for sustainable activity, the state of management should be reformed. Clarifying the following things were the purpose of this study; 1) The change of the actual condition of that system and its process. 2) The structure of the management problem and its fundamental cause. As a result, it is conformed that the actual condition is adjusted to the problems. On the other hand, the management and social problem cause surplus compost.

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As a result of the market analysis of the waste PET-bottle, the market forms the partiallyvaluable market, and the system of the market price that is supported by the local finance promotesexports. Lifting the specific enterpriser's obligation to recycle that will cause to promote more exports toAsia and to decline the domestic recycling business. The amendment of the Low in 2006 will have some effect that increase to deliver the waste from municipalities to the designated corporation. A radical measure to dissolve the municipality's independent treatment is to lay the balance of subtracting the bidding price from the exportation price on the specific enterpriser's commission charge for recycling.

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China is expected to expand its food supply in order to meet the increasing food demand of its growing population. The Yellow River basin, one of the important agriculture production bases in China, has increased agricultural production supported by improvements in productivity. However, water shortages have become more severe and the excessive use of agricultural water may worsen the problem. Therefore, the effective use of water resources is needed to achieve sustainable development of food production. We apply the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of agricultural water use in the Yellow River basin. We also identified the determinant factors affecting the water efficiencies using the Tobit model. Finally, some implications for the sustainable agricultural production in the Yellow River basin were evaluated.

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At Ara River estuary, the right side bank has a tidal flat. However, the left side bank, being protectedwith concretewall and keeping deeperwater, does not have a tidal flat.At the high and lowtide, nitrate nitrogen concentration in the right side bank was compared with that in the left to evaluate the restoration of water quality by a tidal flat. The observed results indicated that nitrate nitrogen concentration in the right side bank where a tidal flat appearswas remarkably lower than the left at the low tide, although the concentration values were similar at the high tide. Also based on a significant difference in nitrate nitrogen concentration of standing water in a tidal flat and of stream water, the effects of tidal flat on restoringwater qualitywere highly evaluated in this study.

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Recent deterioration in the water quality of rivers has become a problem in livestock farming areas, as such one needs to understand the real situation of pasture. We investigated the effect of behavior of cattle on the quality of water in a channel that runs through a pasture in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The results showed that the behavior pattern of cattle depended on the geomorphologic and weather conditions. Cattle treading across a water stream had an effect on the water quality, in particular on the suspended nutrients.

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A case study was conducted with a paddy field in Aomori Prefecture to examine the contribution of lateral percolation to the amount of outflowing water and the quality of water outflowing from a paddy field. The result showed that about a half of the water outflowing from a paddy field was due to vertical percolation and the contribution of lateral percolation was little. Surface runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus during a plowing and irriganting period accounted for about 70% and 60%, respectively, of their total export from a paddy field during a cropping period. Mass balance of nitrogen suggested that the paddy field examined was a week exhaust type.

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Water chemistry of rainfalls, especially the sea-salt loads at the typhoons was studied in Kochi Pref. in 1997-2005. Occasionally rainfalls at typhoons contained large amount of sea-salt, but the contents of each rainfall and annual loads fluctuated sharply. The sea-salt loads decreased in proportion to the distance from the coast. There was no influence in the water chemistry in small watersheds even when the rainfalls had high concentration of sea-salt. It was clarified that the amount of sea-salt loads depended on the track of typhoons and the wind velocity.

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We can say that it is an important subject as the basis of settling on the land-use planning to analyze the trend of land cover change in a local city from the point of view of the characteristic of urban area and the restrictions of land-use. In this paper, we investigated the prediction method of future land cover based on the past two satellite data by using the Markov chain analysis, the multicriteria evaluation and the cellular automata analysis for Saku city planning area. And we investigated the verification method of the accuracy of the prediction method. As a result, we found that the prediction method was appropriate, the future urban area will expand further and the green coverage around the urban area will decrease remarkably in case that the present tendency of social conditions and urban development continues.

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The aim of this paper is to provide recommendations for future landuse alternatives in the conservation of groundwater using the optimum landuse. In Japan, decisions relating to regulations against landuse often involve difficult problems such as individual property rights.. However, it is essential for citizens to make decisions concerning future landuse because problems are related to the realization of effective public welfare. The area of interest in this study is Kumamoto City. The method applied in this study is the AHP application for suitability analysis. This method is employed in order to identify suitable landuse for groundwater conservation. This study provides three alternatives. The visualization of alternatives using GIS is useful to support citizens in decision making processes regarding groundwater conservation and alternative landuse.

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In order to carry out a precise water-purity control regarding pesticides, it is essential to judge the pesticides runoff situation of the river basin. In this paper, we modeled a mechanism of pesticide runoff by using level Ⅱ fugacity model in order to decide the priority of runoff pesticides on each basin, and constructed a method of calculating the index which indicated pesticide runoff potential on each period. We evaluated the pesticides runoff situation of Sagami-river and Sakawa-river in Kanagawa prefecture by using this method. As a result, estimated runoff volume of pesticides could be used as an index which indicated runoff potential, and RRI value which indicated runoff volume per ADI could be used as an index deciding the priority of runoff pesticides in detail.

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