This paper reports the current status of young children’s viewing of television broadcasts in real time, recorded programs, DVDs, and internet videos based on the results of the Rating Survey on Young Children's TV Viewing held in 2022. The survey was conducted for a week from June 6th (Monday) through June 12th (Sunday), aiming at 1,000 young children aged two through six living within 30km radius of Tokyo.Young children’s viewing time of television (real-time viewing) per day was 55 minutes, with 17 minutes for recorded programs/DVDs (time-shifted viewing) and 39 minutes for internet videos (respective weekly average). The reaches of the week were 74.4% for overall television (NHK and commercial broadcasters combined), 53.8% for recorded programs/DVDs, and 67.8% for internet videos. In comparison with 2019 and 2021, the reach for internet videos continued growing. Likewise, in terms of the weekday ratings (utilization rates) by 30 minutes, internet-video viewing marked higher percentages than in 2019 for a wide range of time slots between 6:30am and 9:00am and between 3:00pm and 9:00pm.Most of the top-rated TV programs were NHK ETV programs for young children and/or children. Highly watched internet videos ranged from content featuring characters and intellectual training videos to videos shared by YouTubers and live game playing which tells children were exposed to diverse types of content. Responses regarding parents’ attitudes and situations where children watch content found that children selected what internet videos to watch independently while they watched TV programs at mealtimes or in relation to other family members, which highlights that the roles of these two platforms tended to be used in different manners.

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The survey founds the following attitudes towards and understanding of loanwords.- More than 80% of the respondent understand the meaning of “hazaado mapppu” (hazard map), “asuriito” (athlete), and “infura” (infrastructure), which shows they are gaining ground as general terms. Meanwhile, the word “Kontentsu” (content) was understood by around 70%.Only a small number of people aged 80 or over cited “I knew the meaning very well” for each of the above terms. For each word, the majority of university graduates cited “I knew it,” while less than half of junior high school graduates answered so.- How people percept loanwords was also surveyed. In terms of “loanwords vs. terms translated into Japanese” and “increase in loanwords,” ‘non-conservative or unconventional’ responses, such as “I support the use of loanwords” and “I am in favor of the increase of loanwords,” accounted for about 60%. For wasei-eigo, or Japanese pseudo-Anglicism, more than half of the respondents chose “unavoidable to a certain degree”—an answer indicating the acceptance of the current status. Meanwhile, there was a clear generation gap regarding “loanwords vs. terms translated into Japanese” and “increase in loanwords,” with a tendency that the younger the more people choose non-conservative (unconventional) responses.- Compared to the survey conducted 20 years ago, the overall understanding level of each term was raised, and this tendency was observed in every age group. However, while some terms such as “hazaad mappu” marked a significant increase in the understanding level, while others such as “kontentsu” had a relatively small increase.In terms of “loanwords vs. terms translated into Japanese,” “becoming conservative because of aging” is observed for particular age groups. Over these 20 years, there has been no change in attitudes towards “increase in loanwords” and “acceptance of wasei-eigo” for most of the age groups, but “becoming more tolerant because of aging” is seen among those who were 60 years old or over in 2002 for both questions.

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Only a few broadcast archives—the accumulated collection of past audios, videos, and other materials kept by broadcasters—are available to the general public. Will it be possible to widen their usage, especially in local communities, as a public good to make a new contribution? Focusing on public cultural institutions such as local libraries, art galleries, and museums, the authors conducted a survey of these facilities on needs and challenges at the operational level for the utilization of broadcast archives for the first time in Japan.About 66% of the respondents answered, “I want to use” broadcast archives for their operations and project planning, which indicates a high demand for these archives. The reasons for it included (1) “attractiveness of video footage” derived from the impact of broadcast programs and trust in accuracy, (2) “benefits for facilities” with an expectation of attracting more visitors through a wider variety of special exhibitions and other events, and (3) “benefits for communities” through contribution to cultural heritage, nurturing communication among local people, and promotion of tourism and migration. At the same time, the respondents pointed out various challenges such as “institution’s available resources:　workforce, facilities, and money,” “broadcasters’ inadequate response,” and “expensive usage fees and difficulties in handling rights.” The results of the survey illustrate that partnerships through broadcast archives have the potential to create a virtuous circle for enhancing the public value of the three parties—institutions, communities, and broadcasters. To achieve this, broadcasters must change their mindsets and improve the operation of archives, specifically the introduction of professional personnel who can communicate with cultural facilities and match the broadcast materials with each project.

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