Aoki (Aucuba japonica) is a broad-leaved evergreen tree and has wide habitat in Japan; from southern west part of Hokkaido to Okinawa islands. This species has been used for greening as well as for gardening. In many cases, producers pick up some "mother trees" which have valuable characters for cloned production and selling. With that, we focused on the commercial distribution of Aoki in terms of genetic origins. We analyzed the ploidy and variations of chloroplast DNA to estimate the sources of the Aoki produced in Kyushu district. The results showed 1) in Kyushu most producers employed cuttage method 2) 74% of stock trees were introduced from outside Kyushu. From these results, one hypothesis can be suggested that other species for greening that have smaller natural distribution and be produced in commercial supply cycle have some bias on their genetic origins.

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This study aims at clarifying the relationship between the hydrochemical environment and the habitat of fireflies (Luciola cruciata Motschulsky) in Misato, Tokushima Pref., West Japan. The catchment area, where the fireflies or their exclusive food a semisulcospira (Semisulcospira libertina japonica) do not inhabit, high concentrations of heavy metals were observed in the upper stream water. Although the lower stream water showed low concentration of heavy metals, polluted sediment was piled up on the river bet. On the other hand, a large number of fireflies were observed in the whole catchment area of the other river, which is anthropogenically polluted with gray water. Those results showed that fireflies or semisulcospira takes high sensitivity on heavy metals, whereas they take a certain resistance to the anthropogenic pollution.

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We aimed a rare plant species Gentiana squarrosa (biennial plant) that grows to the embankment of terraced paddy field of Oyama-Senmaida which the owner system has been introduced. We investigated the relation between the growth situation of this species of flowering season and the local vegetation management form. The population of Gentiana squarrosa in spring of 2005 was about 8500 pieces. There is Mowing of 5-8 times in Oyama-Senmaida at the ordinary year. Moreover, it investigated in 31 samples of this species of distribution regions. As a result, a lot of population were in 16 samples where mowing had been done after the rice was harvested and before planting rice of next year at the ordinary year. The situation in which sunshiny was able to be secured more at the growing period of the early spring, and it is related to this species of conservation.

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Experimental investigation on the succession on phytoplankton community was conducted by on-site mesocosm system. Results were as follows; 1) large size zooplankton such as Philodina erythrophthalma and Brachionua angularis, were observed in case of water glass purification system, 2) the diversity index (Shannon Index; H') was higher under complicated community structure, 3) hybrid treatment system did not show the hybrid effect on water purification effect. Therefore, it considered important that environmental improvement level should be optimized.

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Recently, the river water quality has become a problem in the livestock farming areas and the actual state grasping is demanded. In this paper, the effect of outflow water from catchment areas in livestock farming on water quality were investigated in Aomori Prefecture. As a result, total nitrogen concentration was proportional to the grassland area ratio and increased and outflow rate of total nitrogen from the grassland was 3.3%.

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This study is focused on a water pollution load from livestock waste. Water pollution caused by livestock waste is an important problem which affects life and global environment. "The law concerning the appropriate treatment and promotion of utilization of livestock manure" was partially enforced to promote proper treatment of livestock waste in 1999, and was completely enforced in 2004. In this study, we analyzed how the law had influenced the ways of livestock waste treatment in Lake Kasumigaura basin. In addition, we grasped the flow of nitrogen by constructing nitrogen flow model. According to the result, the law contributed to the reduction of inappropriate treatment. However, the amount of nitrogen spread over the field was increased and flow balance was getting worse.

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This study is intended to verify the application and installation requirements of carbon fiber as a water clarification material for polluted water. Carbon fibers with high bending modulus function as a network in water that effectively contacts polluted water using string-type biofilms. In this study, activated sludge quickly adhered to the carbon fibers. The weight of activated sludge adherent to an artificial algae bed of carbon fibers changed over a period of 4-6 months. The carbon fibers allowed the adherence of 35-39 times their weight of activated sludge. Regarding the treatment rate of nutritive salts, Nitrogen 6.4-10.0g-N•kgS^-1•y^-1 and Phosphours 1.1-2.10gP•kg-S^-1•y^-1 were provided from component analysis and batch operation results of activated sludge. Maintenance and management of the artificial algal bed of carbon fibers were simple: the fibers are useful to clarify polluted water.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a new ecological aquaponics system plant by using biomass effectively. At first, we made the system composed of four filtering materials and plants to remove the nutrients in the water of the aquaculture. As a result, plants could purify the aquaculture water effectively. Moreover we developed another aquaponics system composed of cultivated carps and water convolvulus, and analyzed the system performance. The results showed an increase in a small amount of the nutrients, but the water quality of this system is balanced with a low nutrients concentration. On evaluation of biomass production, the cultivated carps didn't grow up so much because of the low water temperature. We could show that plants were affected by filtering materials to grow up differently.

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Biomanupulation is one of the most effective methods to improve quality of lake water, and thereby to restore the entire system, based on the top-down control in the ecological system of the lake. Although widely used in Europe, it has hardly been applied to Japanese lakes. This paper describes results of laboratory and pilot experiments intended to obtain necessary data to be able to apply the method in Japan. The results implied that biomanipulation is adequately effective even for Japanese lakes and these results may be used to predict quantitatively the effectiveness of the method.

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This research is a continuous research and aims to develop "living machine" that is an ecological sewage purification system. We evaluated the plant performance by analyzing the water quality and measuring the biomass growth. On the system constructed in 2003 year, which is the complete water culture system without filtering materials, we could get a basic knowledge that this system could decrease a nitrification of inorganic nitrogen and the phosphorus in sewage water. On the improved system in 2004 year, which has zeolite as filtering material, we could declare that at the first step, the nitrogen in sewage decreased rapidly and then increased temporarily, after that, it decreased gradually. We could evaluate the function of the system progressed. Because the problem in this system was the spread of insects, in the next time, we will try to invite the helpful insects against harmful insects by planting some herbs in the system as an ecological measure.

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For estimating the influence of percolation water on effluent nitrogen load, field survey and laboratory experiments were carried out and nitrogen concentration was discussed. In the result of the field survey, the concentration of soil water was different between a upland and a grassland, between shallow depth and deep depth, and seasonally. The result of the laboratory experiment indicated that the activity of microorganisms was more influential to the concentration of soil water in shallow layer than in deep layer. In the result of the other laboratory experiment using the column apparatus, the concentration in shallow layer decreased when the water input interval was short. When the interval was long, the concentrations in all depth increased in the intervals. The concentration of discharge water from the column became a value similar to that of soil water in deep layer.

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The influence of habitat isolation on avifauna in urban landscapes, which already has been shown in winter, was examined in breeding season. Using meta-analysis approach considering eleven previous studies, we found that avifauna in species-poorer locations were subsets of those observed in species richer ones. A multiple regression model explaining the number of species except for generalists was constructed including the wooded area and the percentage of urbanized area within the surrounding zone as significant independent variables. As it has already been known that habitats surrounded by urbanized area could easily be isolated, this result indicates that habitat isolation influences on avifauna in urban landscapes in breeding seasons.

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To evaluate the wetland conditions and the environmental preservation of Akaiyachi mire, faunal composition and seasonal changes of fish and other aquatic animals were investigated in a Akaiyachi mire and its surround areas in Fukushima Prefecture from 2003 to 2004. In this investigation, aquatic animals were invisible to the naked eye in the wetland. In contrast, some fish species and many aquatic animals such as insects were collected from the surround areas of wetland. Our investigations indicate that the water conditions are difference between the wetland and the surround areas. The information on the aquatic community in the surround areas also may be important for the environmental preservation of Akaiyachi mire.

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We examined vegetation change along the middle reaches of Tama River, central Japan, focusing especially on the expansion of an invasive alien tree species, Robinia pseudoacacia. Vegetation maps of the study area representing six different points in time between 1977 and 2001 were analyzed using a geographical information system (GIS). The distribution area of Robinia pseudoacacia increased rapidly after several large floods in the 1980s when higher river terraces were temporarily submerged. Though the increase rate reached a maximum in the 1980s, the expansion continued into 2001. The community types most likely to be invaded by Robinia pseudoacacia were perennial grasslands dominated by Miscanthus sinensis and Phragmites japonica as well as willow shrub communities.

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It was investigated that influence of sheet pile on groundwater level in the edge and inside of Akaiyachi mire, water balance in northern part of wet land, situation of the vegetation in the fallow land, for verifying the effect of preservation task taken on inside and outside of Akaiyachi mire until now. Consequently, although raising effect of the groundwater level near sheet pile was remarkable, it has not checked about the influence of the large areas on water balance etc. About vegetation in fallow land, it was also able to confirm the possibility of the changes to damp plant community, although the grass stock which paddy field weeds was developed.

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This paper analyzed changes of the combination of landscape elements on both sides of the edge of valley bottom in Yato area over 50 years in Godo river watershed in Kamakura. As a result, most of the edge of valley bottom is disappeared because of landform destroying, but in city area little destroying is seen in 1950's. And Yato landscape in the past was mainly combination of paddy and field at valley bottom, and forest at valley wall. And also there are grass land as meadow in valley wall, and not so many combination with city area. Now these dominated combinations of vegetation are almost disappeared, various combinations in succession are seen. To keep high quality edge of valley bottom from ecological view, it is important to regard combination of landscape elements between valley wall and bottom in the past.

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The effects of management on the floristic composition and the structure of vegetations which are the constituent of Yatoda landscape under the contrastive two farming systems were investigated. The experimental field was constructed at a Yatoda in mountainous district in Chekiang province, China and the vegetation survey was done in summer seasons in 2002 and 2003. The vegetation type can be divided into four types: grassland formerly utilized for rice cultivation(G), inside the rice paddy(P), footpath(F), and slope of levee(S). In P, F and S sites each vegetation type was subdivided in accordance with the difference of farming system. Under the traditional system, number of species existed and the values of diversity index were bigger than those of conventional system. Blyxa cetatosperma Maxim. and Marsilea quadrifolia L.., they are threatened species in Japan, were recognized in the paddy field at the traditional system.

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We studied foraging activities of a raptor species, kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in riparian open spaces along the Tone River, Gunma Prefecture, comparing the results between urban and suburban areas. The abundance of voles and small birds, which were major preys of kestrels, were also surveyed. The kestrels showed different feeding activity according to the surrounding land use. Most preys in the urban area were small birds while voles and small birds accounted for half-and-half in the suburban. They captured small birds mainly in outside of riparian open spaces in the both, which suggested that there was some advantage for the forage outside the riparian open spaces. The kestrels tended to capture preys other than small birds within the riparian zone in both the urban and suburban areas. Particularly, in the urban they preyed small birds, most of which were sparrows, mainly in residential area.

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We investigated seasonal change of Ludwigia stipulacea communities and the relationship between growth of L. stipulacea and microtopography of sandbars at the Kashio River, Kanagawa Prefecture. We found out the pattern of seasonal change of L. stipulacea communities on sandbars that they grew rapidly in summer and declined in autumn. In addition, L. stipulacea grew well on gentle slopes of sandbars while the growth was poor on steep slopes. From these results, it was clarified that intensive growth of L. stipulacea on gentle slopes of sandbars affected by flooding was important to maintain their community. It was also suggested that the growth of L. stipulacea varied with microtopography of sandbars.

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The relations between nest condition of harvest mouse (Mycromys minutus) and grassland management in a yato (small valley with paddy fields) in an urban area were investigated on the Tama Hills, near Tokyo. The survey field was divided into three areas based on grassland management and farming situation. In the area where vegetation was managed repeatedly, the vegetation was mowed in May so that suitable sites for nesting disappeared. However, the number of globular nests of harvest mouse was drastically increased in August with the growth of plants. Most of globular nests were made of Miscanthus sacchariflorus leaves. We considered that it is necessary to control mowing frequency in yatos for conserving habitat and population of Mycromys minutus, and that it is important to reserve grassland vegetation established in abandoned paddy fields in yatos as nesting habitat.

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In most local cities, the urban areas have been expanding, while the central urban areas have increasingly declined because of depending on cars. In this paper, we grasped the transition of area division system and the tendency of urban development from the introduction of area division system on the urban planning area of Nagano City. We also performed modeling the tendency of urban development by the land use zone and the term of area division in each rural community through introducing the idea of urban development pressure using the covariance structure analysis. As a result, it was found that the urban development pressure was influenced considerably by the main roads and the land use zone, especially the urban development pressure had a tendency to increase in rural community which was a long way from the train station and the central urban area, and near the main roads.

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In the Fukui heavy rainfall in the July 2004, the enormous damage occurred in northern part of Fukui prefecture. In August, a questionnaire survey to grasp the communication of the refuge information and the evacuation behavior of the inhabitants were carried out in the Fukui City near the Asuwa River. The result of the questionnaire showed there were several districts that the communication of the refuge information was insufficient. Moreover, it was shown that many inhabitants of the flooded area took refuge after the inundation, while the inhabitants living adjacent to the river took refuge before the inundation.

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In recent years, the environment as well as land use and traffic is influenced by a large scale store. So, it is necessary to maintain and improve the residential environment. In this study, we paid attention to the traffic calming strategy which is becoming the mainstream of local traffic maintenance and conducted the opinion by residents around a large scale store. Consequently, 1) by applying AHP, we clarified the policy of the environmental maintenance which respondents demand. 2) We examined the policy to decide traffic calming strategies and grasped for the intention of resident's participation. As mentioned above, subjects and fundamental informations are shown to decide traffic calming strategies for improvement of the residential environment.

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We set up the following theoretical hypothesis that has never been studied so far; persons with reading much good book shows the tendency for the quality of life (QOL) to be high and to be less techno-centered. It was investigated and analyzed statistically based on questionnaire surveys of university students in the information sciences, and the hypothesis was verified by the covariance structure analysis. As the result, it was found that the persons with reading much good book had the high level of altruistic values. Thereby, human relations were good. Consequently, it caused less techno-centered. Moreover, the altruistic values improved the QOL. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that the reading much good book can be expected as a precaution of the techno-centered and the measures of the QOL improving.

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To comprehend the present conditions and the influences of environmetal problems for the nation, it is important that the environmental policy makers widely collect information about environmental problems from the nation, manage that information, and provide them to push forward problem solution. But, the existing evaluation methods cannot appreciate information collection and provision in information policies enough. Therefore I thought about describing a role of each policy actor by information flowing structure in the basis by a policy network and social network analysis as an evaluation method of informational approaches. Making an Eco-mark an example, I clarified a characteristic by information exchange of each policy actor and problems of the information flowing by using the centrality analysis that network analysis includes.

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On June 2004, Three Laws on Landscape and Greenery was established. This study brings out the significance of the amendment of Outdoor Advertisement Act enforced as a part of Three Laws on Landscape and Greenery by contrast with the problems of the administration of outdoor advertisement. As a result, effective countermeasures taken against such problems as uniform regulation, lack of the sense of cooperation between measures, flood of illegal advertisement and vicious advertisement traders are grasped. Under the research, the following significance of the amendment is revealed. The amendment provides a basis of national low for precedent ordinance. The integration of administration of outdoor advertisement and landscape was clarified. Amendment of Outdoor Advertisement Act which is closely related to freedom of expression is also possible to take into consideration if required in future.

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This study is aimed to clarify the need of researchers for the services that field research stations provide to enhance basic studies on biodiversity conservation. The results of questionnaire given to researchers in 16 countries, who study mainly in the South East Asia, demonstrate a greater need for basic facilities and services such as telephone/web and lodging, facilities for organizing research materials and so on. The need varies according to each researcher's specialty, institution, length of experience, and region of institute. These results should be taken into consideration to establish and to manage field research stations built by international development assistance, in order to enhance biodiversity studies.

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Eco-efficiency, an indicator that shows a compatibility of environmental activities and economical activities, is suggested by WBCSD and others. In Japan many firms adopt this indicator and disclose it in environmental reports, but it is mainly used as an ex post facto evaluation like analysis of present state even though it is set as a future target, such as "Our firm's target is to double Eco-efficiency compared with the one in 1990". This thesis conduces to judgement critera by factor analysis of eco-efficiency into some indicators, with financial indicators in financial reports and environmental indicators in environmental reports, and it makes a contribution to proposition of road map or corporate vision based on the concepts such as "Sustainable" or "Recycling-oriented".

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The illegal disposal of industrial waste had been detected at a field on a border of Iwate and Aomori prefecture in 2000. Prefectural governments are going to make an environmental recovery today. This paper aims to clarify how the people think for the problem and its recovery plan by the CVM approach. We chose Morioka city, Kunohe and Sawauchi village as study areas that differ in location and also population size. We found out that the highest willingness to pay is observed in Morioka city and is not always determined by the distance from the disposal site.

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Much research has been done on evaluating recreation benefits by travel cost method. Many of them applied for comparatively large recreation sites which the visitors come from wide range around there. On the other hand, there are many small sites that only the neighbors visit. Because almost visitors for small recreation site are on foot, the factors which visitors decide to visit there are more regional and spatial than large one. This paper suggests incorporating regional and spatial data in travel cost method contribute to evaluate the benefit of small recreation sites. For the purpose, many regional and spatial data were generated by GIS for two areas around reservoirs in Osaka prefecture.

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This research aims to estimating business sector's energy consumption and CO₂ emission in municipal level. Energy intensities in offices which have below 30 labors are investigated in the case-study of Iwate prefecture. By this case-study energy intensities of all prefectures are estimated. Energy consumption and CO₂ emission of all Japan municipalities are estimated by multiplying number of labors and these intensities. The rate of energy consumption by municipalities which the amount of population is blow 300000 occupies 60% in all Japan. This fact suggests the importance of global warming prevention policies in small and middle municipalities.

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For building a recycling society, various resource recycling measures both at the national and regional level have been considered and implemented. To evaluate the effects of these measures, not only environmental aspect but also economic and social aspects need to be taken into consideration. This study proposed an integrated assessment system which could position the environmental load and the effect of load reduction brought from Eco-town project in regional circulation of material. In addition, to prove the availability of this method, it was used to assess the present status, environmental effects and regionally behavior of Eco-town project in Kitakyushu. Moreover, this study predicted effects of two scenarios. One scenario is the effect of thermal recycling from incinerating waste. The other scenario is the effect of combined transportation by the cooperation of companies in Eco-town.

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Recently regional governments in Japan have promoted positively activities that take into account regional characteristics. They are interested in a new LCA method (Regional LCA) that can take regional characterictics into consideration. However, most case studies consider only the energy use and transportation for the direct effects of regional activity, there has been no study that tried to consider the regional characteristics of where environmental burden is indirectly emitted inside and outside the activity region. For Regional LCA, it is important to consider the regional characteristics of the indirect effects. To demonstrate this, a simple case-study, using interregional input-output analysis and LIME (Life cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling), was carried out. As a result, we verified that the influence of considering the regional characteristics for indirect effects is considerable.

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In this paper, we report an application of LCA to regional measures about a domestic waste disposal system of northern Iwate Prefecture in order to evaluate regional environmental impact. In application to a domestic waste disposal system, the inventories according to facility scale and the geographic information database of transportation paths were fixed focusing needs of facility scale and transportation distance. The fixed database was analyzed and it suggested that the result of LCA might change with facility scale. From the result of LCA, it was estimated that the plan increases CO₂ by 19.8% and the amount of environmental emissions from the background, which was not evaluated by the conventional environmental impact assessment, was quantified for every process. Moreover, analysis based on the geographic information database enabled the calculation of environmental burden for every area.

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In this study, we expanded the LCA methodology to apply to the planning of environmental-conscious local measures by local administrations. We carried out an LCA for the new town planning procedure and applied the LCA result as a basis of environmental countermeasures for the new town planning. At the same time, we examined the methodology to consider the regional characteristics and the research procedure for applying LCA. We estimated environmental impacts of the plan by "Life cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling (LIME)". Next, we applied this method to the town development project. As a result, it was estimated that the alternative plan reduces the cost by about 41 million yen (11.6%) from the basic plan. This result was shown to the local administration and was reflected in the new town planning. It is important to expand the concept of eco-efficiency for the local measure and to develop the planning method of alternatives in the future.

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In this paper, quantitative environmental effects of local production for local consumption were analyzed for the community currency "Ithaca Hours". Firstly, yearly trend of RPC (Regional Purchase Coefficient) in Tompkins County was analyzed. Secondly, the author estimated transportation-derived direct and indirect carbon dioxide emission due to the consumption of goods and services by Ithaca Hours using Input-Output analysis on the condition of simplified regional trade. The result showed that Ithaca Hour could reduce carbon dioxide of 308kg-C annually.

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On the development processes of the environmental policy in Japan and Korea, it have been told the time lag of 10 and several years based on the basic legislation and the environmental administrative organization. Japan, supported by independent policies in local governments and public opinion, had made fundamental systems such as the national and local environmental administration in addition to the national legislation and regulation on the environmental pollution and the nature conservation in the latter half of 1970s from the latter half of 1960s. In consideration of introduction and implementation of the policies by the local governments, we can suppose that the stage of the latter half of 1970s from the latter half of 1960s in Japan is equivalent to the stage of after 1990s from the latter half of 1970s in Korea and that there is the time lag of more than 20 years between two countries.

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This paper aims to consider cost payment principle for renewable energy by theory and a Danish case study. In theory part, there is limitation for discussing renewable from perspectives of externality of energy. Renewable policy should contain not only how to include the externality but also how to improve technological development and change energy system towards decarbonisation. In case study from Denmark, the renewable cost payment principle has moved from the taxpayer payment principle to the electricity consumers common payment principle, a kind of the beneficiary payment principle. The shift improve equity between industry and household sector.

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The Motor Vehicle Emission Control Program was adopted in Beijing in 1998. Three major measures were included focusing on the emission control of the passenger vehicles: EURO I emission standard for new cars, vehicle retrofitting for used passenger cars and converting to dual-fuel taxies for used taxies. A cost effectiveness analysis is conducted to ex post evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of the program from 1999 to 2002. Three major pollutants, NO_x, CO and HC, are considered and integrated in NO_x equivalent emission by transferring relative damage factors of pollutants. It is found that the EURO I emission standard is more cost effective than in-use vehicleretrofitting. The dual-fuel taxi failed to work effectively. Therefore, control on polluted in-use vehicles is a hard task. Scrapping old vehicles should be accelerated.

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At present, private finance initiative (PFI) to the waste management business has been promoted as a national policy, but it has not applied smoothly to industrial and municipal waste management facilities. This study aims to clarify the problems in the trend of the waste management policy and the present PFI schemes through the questionnaire survey to municipality (public sector) and private companies (private sector). As a result, it became clear that a lot of person in charge of the municipality do not expect of PFI as a tool for improvement of management in spite of their feeling necessary to introduce private sector's vitality into the waste management bushiness. In addition, a problem of the present PFI policy is not a policy for inhabitant's standard because private sector values economical effect too much than social effect in comparing with the opinion of private companies.

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The growing solid waste from industrial sectors is a structural problem of modern society, which has been supported by the system of mass production, mass consumption and mass disposal. The input-output model is a useful tool to examine the situation of structural environmental problems and to draw up measures to cope with them. The study employs a regional input-output model to analyze the relationship between the economic structure and the solid waste from industrial sectors in Japanese regions for years 1990 and 1995. The findings have revealed that the determinant factors on the emissions varied among different kinds of industrial wastes. They imply that measures on the reduction of industrial wastes should consider the determinant factors of each industrial waste; such as the regional industrial structure, the regional demand structure and the interregional trade.

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Full cost assessment for waste plastic treatment processes was conducted to evaluate waste treatments and recycling effects comprehensively. Full cost was calculated by summing up treatment costs, social costs (evaluated by LCIA method as economic values) and inducted gross domestic productions as economic spillover effects. As a result of full cost assessment for representative 9 treatment processes, cement producing fuel would be most effective for repressing the increase of full costs compared to other processes. It was also revealed that the full cost caused by the present waste plastic treatment system in Japan was around 51% (79.4 billion yen) lower compared to the base case, in which whole waste plastics were incinerated without power generation.

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The directive by EU raises our attentions to toxic-free products internationally. Among these products, the interest of lead-free solder is very high, because every electric product involves bonding material. However, lead-free solder uses other depleting metals like silver, and it makes the consumption of tin increase. Promotion of the collection of wasted products may contribute to reduce environmental impacts effectively, if they make it possible to reduce the emission of lead to the environment. This study evaluated the environmental impacts of solders considering various waste scenarios and discussed to detect the most preferable way from the viewpoint of environmental impacts.

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This study examined the measures of risk reduction in industrial plants in the processing stage of metal working which are the main sources of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). First, the methodology of species sensitivity distribution was used for derivation of environmental quality criteria, and a hazard concentration (HC₅) for aquatic organisms was calculated. Next, this study identified release and transfer factors of SCCPs for the stages of the life-cycle from metalworking plants to freshwater via sewage treatment plants, and calculated annual usage of an industrial plant which might cause adverse effect on aquatic organisms. Then, this study proposed the procedure of risk reduction measures, and analyzed additional cost of the replacement of SCCPs with other compounds. As a result, it was revealed that industrial plants which use 10t of SCCPs annually had to consider voluntary management, and the cost associated with replacement of SCCPs appeared to increase for metalworking.

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