Generally, the maximum penetration force and the penetration energy have been respectively used by each investigator ^{2)- 7)} as the typical values in the diagram of the penetration force of the needle produced during needle penetration experiment. Upon this, it seems to be needed to clarify the relations between these two values in order to cultivate a better understanding on the problems of the penetration of the needle into fabric. In this paper, under the distributional observation of the penetration energy along the length of the needle, the distribution of the penetration energy which relates to the maximum penetration force of the needle is discussed.

  The results obtained are as follows :

(1) Relation between the penetration energy E_p (b) which is given to the needle from ℓ＝0 to ℓ＝b (at this point, the penetration force takes maximum value) and the maximum penetration force P_m is shown by the following equation, where ℓ is the interpenetrated length of the needle from the surface of the fabric, b is the height of the circulare cone on the pointed head of the needle, and a is the thickness of fabric.

    E_p(b)＝b/3・1－3/2(a/b)＋(a/b)²－1/4(a/b)³/1－(a/b)＋1/3(a/b)²・P_m

(2) Similarly, on the penetration energy E_p (a＋b) which is given to the circular cone on the pointed head of the needle from ℓ＝0 to ℓ＝a＋b (at this point, the circular cone on the pointed head of the needle has just passed through the reverse side of the fabric entirely),

    E_p(a＋b)＝b/3・1/1－(a/b)＋1/3(a/b)²・P_m

(3) The results calculated from these equations agreed well with experimental values, in both the model needle having the circular cone on the pointed head of a cylinder and the standardized needle (JIS, DB×1).

  The object of this study is to reduce the number of the bacteria sticking to the nurse wears in order to prevent the hospital acquired infection. Some reforms of the nurse wears were attempted. First, the belts and the chest pocket were taken away and, instead, a new small pocket for pencils was placed on the left sleeve. Second, the position of the buttons was changed from the front to the left. Third, the opening of the side pocket was changed from the bias line to the straight line. Five nurses were to wear the newly -designed nurse wears for three days and then, the number of bacteria was compared between the old and the new wears. The result showed that the number of bacteria on the new nurse wears was significantly smaller than that on the old ones.

  Next, the newly-designed nurse wears of antibacterial material were compared with those of non-antibacterial material. No significant difference was observed between the two in terms of the number of bacteria. However, there was a significant effect when the antibacterial aprons were used together with the antibacterial nurse wears.

  How to select comfortable dressings with seasons in the course of Industrial Arts and Home Economics at Junior High School was summarized in a 15 minutes video tape as a teaching material. One of the reasons we took the video tape is to help students to easily get a better understanding of the content by eye, and the other is to support teachers to effectively teach the content to their students in a classroom. This video tape showed comparison of comfortable dressings on fabrics commponents (Cotton 100%, Linen 100% and PET/Cotton＝65/35), two types of design (an open collar shirt and a shirt collar shirt) and color (black, blue, green, red, yellow and white).

  The results shown in the video tape were as follows :

1. Elevated ratio of skin temperatures in thermogram at 30 minutes after walking was highest with PET/Cotton among the fabrics components, then Cotton and Linen was lowest.

2. Skin temperature with a shirt collar shirt design was higher than an open collar design in thermograms at 30 minutes after walking.

3. Dressings with deep colors such as black, blue, green and red led to higher skin temperature than the one with weak colors such as yellow and white, because of absorption efficiency of radiant heat. Temperature difference in two color types of dressings under sun light was bigger than under fluorescent light.

  In conclusion a suitable and comfortable dressing in summer time was composed of fabric made by Linen and Cotton, design with less covering area and breathable property like an open shirt, and weak colors.

  Among European folk costumes (for females), one can find many examples of aprons. Starting with the premise that these aprons may have many differing functional characteristics than Japanese ones, an investigation regarding their decorative characteristics and changes was conducted. The results demonstrated that Japanese aprons have principally been constructed and worn for more functional purposes such as protecting undergarments while European aprons have a far-wider range of differences in their characteristics. The kinds of materials used to make the apron, its design, its method of being worn, and so on, illustrate the wealth of range of the apron as folk costume in European fashion. In addition, from a historical perspective, the European apron was seen as a symbol of wealth and authority in society, and was considered a type of formal wear at one time. Based on these results, it can be said that Europeans have considered the apron as a type of clothing similar to skirts, dresses, and so on, and not just as a protector of undergarments in the manner which Japanese society regards it.