In this article, the author discussed the origin of knowledge in the discipline of nursing. During these four decades, nursing as a science has been developing theories to describe the what and how of nursing. But today, the development of knowledge related to nursing is in a quandary, because nursing as a new science took over the Cartesian view pont but failed to identify a reality which is uniquely relevant to nursing.
Where the knowledge in the discipline of nursing generates? The primary cues for explanation of this problem were taken from a proposition by F. Nightingale and the concept of“pure experience” formulated by Kitaro Nishida.
Nightingale stated that nursing was“a new art and a new science”. In terms of Aristotelian logic, art as“making”can not co-exist simultaneously with science as“seeing”in nursing as“doing”. If Nightingale's proposition is true, then art as“making”and science as“seeing”must be united somewhere in“doing”, that is, in the“pure experience”of a person who is seeing a phenomenon. Therefore reality, in the discipline of nursing, can only exist in the pure experiences of a person who is seeing a phenomenon, and that is where reliable knowledge in the discipline of nursing generates.

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In female, psychophysiological change have been show to arise through menstrual cycle. The purpose of study was to evaluate the influence of the normal menstrual cycle on mood, cognition and health behavior.
We used health behavior model (Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior, IMCHB) as the conceptual framework and examined variations in mood, cognition and health behavior in menstrual cycle. Mood scales (STAI. MACL. MDQ) and cognition tasks (Digit symbol, Stroop-c, Substaction, MDT, Time estimation) were administrated to 22 women (18-44 years) who had normally menstrual cycle in each phases of menstrual cycle. Also these subject have performed weight loss's behavior (health behavior) for three months.
The result were as follows
1) 2 of 11 factors in MACL or dimensions of mood varied significantly with phase of the menstrual cycle. Concentration was highest in follicular phase. Fatigue was highest in the luteal phase. The other side, there was not an association between cognitive tasks and phase of the menstrual cycle. No systematic relationship were found.
2) There were associations between affective response and the first health outcome and also between cognitive appraisal and the second health outcome in IMCHB.
The finding could explain that health behavior was affected by phase of the menstrual cycle.

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Diabetic patients feel great stress in keeping up their diet. To investigate the relationship between their self evaluation of dietary stress and their coping behaviors, questionnaire method was used. Questionnaires inquiring the grades and types of dietary stress and coping behaviors, were administered to 103 adult subjects with IDDM or NIDDM.
As coping scale, Jalowiec Coping Scale (1981), which was translated into Japanese, was used.
The results were as follows:
1) For diabetic patients, impediment in the way of their lives by the disease is more serious than the stress of continuing diet.
2) Among the coping behaviors, the most frequently used is“Try to maintain some control over the situation”.
3) In diabetic patients, their behaviors are conditioned by states of diseases or therapeutic prescriptions. When we investigate their behaviors, we must distinguish those actions from their behaviors coping with stresses.
4) Coping behavior scale was factor-analyzed into ten factors. These were (1) act to change the problematic situation (2) resignation and evasion (3) being self-possessed and looking out the situation objectively (4) fantastic optimism (5) passive expectation (6) avoidance (7) keeping a tranquil mind (8) taking evasive or limited action (9) charging the problem to another's account (10) anxiety and feeling of uneasiness.

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It has been discussed how daily nursing behavior can support personal development of a child. In an adult-child mixed ward, it is not easy to provide specific attention to a child, however, a general guideline on nursing behavior helps personal developments. Investigations have been made on an adult-child mixed ward to obtain the following results. Using questionnaires about two supposed cases, nurses' behavior has been analyzed for the following three situations. (1) A child is suspected to have broken a medical restriction. (2) A child is found to have broken a medical restriction. (3) A child is frustrated by a medicalrestriction. For (1) and (2), nurses' behavior tended to evaluational, while they rarely tried to understand children's mind with sympathy. For (3), nurses tried to distract children's attention. These reactions have risks of preventing developments of autonomy and positiveness. A gap was observed between nurses consciousness and their behavior. An aural examination has been also made for children to find that they were not sufficiently familiar with nurse.
The following points have been suggested. Nurses are advised to try to understand children's mind with sympathy, and should avoid evaluational behaviors. Nursing education should care to make a better connection between scientific nursing processes and accepting patient's mind.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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