It was the purpose of this study to investigate the changes of sleep-wake behaviors of primiparas and multiparas from late pregnancy to postpartum weeks respectively. The subjects 26 women that consist of 14 primiparas and 12 multiparas. They kept a sleep logs everyday from 7 th week before delivery to 15th week after delivery and 8 of them also kept another record about their babies. From 1st to 11th week after delivery, mother's nocturnal total sleep time decreased and wake after sleep onset (WASO) increased significantly, compared to those in late pregnancy. The sleep efficiency significantly decreased from 1st to 8th week after delivery. Especially the date from primiparas shows significantly increase in WASO and the mean duration per a awakening, and decrease in sleep efficiency from 2nd to 6th week after delivery.
In conclusion, the irregularity of primiparas' nocturnal sleep is greater especially, compared to that of multiparas. The irregularity continues until about 11th week after delivery. However, after 12th week, with the development of their infants' sleep-wake rhythm and feeding rhythm, the sleep-wake behavior of mothers also seems to no interrupted.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the child's experience when he/she is facing a procedure and/or treatment. The design of the study was a inductive qualitative method. The data was obtained through observation and interview. The grounded theory approach was used to analyze the data. Children who are receiving procedure/treatment were observed. Interview was conducted to 18 paired of child, parent, nurse, and physician who had participated in the child's procedure/treatment.
When children were facing and starting the procedure and treatment, children seem to go through the emotional/cognitive state to determine to accept the consequence. We had named this phenomena as a“Kakugo” of the child. Furthermore, when the child had to do Kakugo, the child was balancing emotion, cognition, and psychomotor aspects. After the Kakugo, the child would face the procedure/treatment with full acceptance. Factors influence the child's Kakugo were identified as following: people surrounding the child, image of past experience, possibility of child choice of action, feeling oneness with people surrounding, some benefit for procedure/treatment, and declaration of own Kakugo.
Above mentioned factors were summarized into three ways to strengthen the child's ability to control the situation. The first one is to promote child's potential to utilize his/her ego power to balance cognition and emotional preparedness. The second is participant's understanding of the child as the primary person who has to balance his/her emotion and cognition. This understanding would enhance the feeling of self-control in the child which will promote child's ability to control his/her behavior. The third is for the child to find a good timing with others to make a Kakugo which lead the child to take action.

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The purpose of this study was to describe variations in maternal temperature during normal labor. The subjects were thirty-three women experiencing a vaginal birth at term, and were less than 5cm dilated. Their temperatures were measured continuously during the labor period, with the first measurements between 6 and 14 o'clock. In this study, “temperature” indicates skin temperature, measured by the CORETEMP^®CTM-205 monitor. The results are as follows:
1. The range of temperature in normal delivery
The range for center temperature was 34.2-37.9 degrees, and the mean of the individual temperature variation range was 1.3±0.6 degrees. The range for peripheral temperature was 25.7-36.7 degrees, and the mean of the individual temperature variation range was 4.1±2.3 degrees. This variation was greater than in a previous study. For temperatures taken in the axilla, the mean was 37.1 degrees at the time of delivery, and 5 cases exceeded 38 degrees. High temperature is usually considered a sign of infection. But, if the high temperature occurs only during delivery, it is not considered a sign of infection. (For the women in this study, the temperature decreased naturally during the 12 hours after delivery, and the babies were doing well.)
2. Variations of individual temperature
With respect to central temperature, twenty-six out of thirty-three women showed a significant change of temperature as delivery progress, 15 showed a rise in temperature and 11 showed a decrease. With respect to peripheral temperature, twenty-eight of thirty-three women showed a significant change of temperature as delivery progress, 6 showed a rise in temperature and 22 showed a decrease.
In studying the above results, I found that maternal temperature might exceed 38 degrees during a normal delivery. The tendency for temperature fluctuation was found in every case-rise, decrease, and no remarkable change. These results suggest that temperature variations may not only be abnormal signs, but may also provide data to assess delivery progress.

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The present study aimed at developing a teacher self-efficacy inventory for nursing teachers in nursing practice. 50-item questionnaires were mailed to 433 nursing teachers of which 245 were returned completed. Factor analysis identified 7 factors with 28 items: conference management, confidence in nursing practice, respect for students, utilization of teaching skills, preparation for practice education, appreciation of student situation, and facilitation of student learning. The 7 factors of the “Self-Efficacy toward Nursing Practice Teaching Inventory (SENPTI)” had an accumulation contribution percentage of 57. 8. SENPTI had promising reliability with Cronbach's alpha of 0.937. Both content validity and criterion-related validity were assessed. The criterion-related validity revealed medium correlation between SENPTI and a self-efficacy scale which measures general self-efficacy. Moreover, concepts related to teacher efficacy in practice education were examined. As a result, self-efficacy toward nursing practice teaching displayed a significant correlation with job-orientedness and job satisfaction. Results indicate that SENPTI is an instrument which can measure teacher efficacy and also that it has potential for analysis of related factors.

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This study was conducted to evaluate residual ability by which reality is recognized by the elderly with moderate to severe dementia. The authors held conversations with 5 patients with Alzheimer's disease aged 65 years or older while giving them care. We then analyzed their remarks by a qualitative and inductive approach.
The moderately or severely demented elderly subjects were confident in expressing their feelings and emotions to others, which was suggested by the behavior “laughing in embarrassment”, “excusing and glossing over”, and “making decisions by themselves”, and showed residual ability in approaching others in an attempt to establish a relationship, which was suggested by the behavior“ laughing loud and long”, “asking the same questions repeatedly”, “showing consideration and concern”, “insisting by altering the tone”, and“initiating actions”. The core concept of this residual ability is their recognition of others, which was observed in the interaction of the demented elderly with others.
The description of the residual ability revealed by this study may serve as a guide for caregivers to note residual ability in the elderly and assist them in maintaining it.

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