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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
Cover1-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Index
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
1-2
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Yasuto NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
3-9
Published: 1999
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A gap clearly seems to exist between architecture and medicine when looking at research fields. A complex system has long been recognized in various fields of science. To cope with this complex system, mutual fusion needs to be pursued. A relation between architecture and medicine has historically existed. Following Hippocrates and Aristotle in Greece, Vitruvius in Rome and Alberti in Italy, Pettenkofer in Germany established hygiene first in the world in the 19th century. In the Meiji era, the government sent five bachelors of medicine to study under Pettenkofer and they were engaged in study on architectural hygiene. Thus, a relation between architecture and medicine in Japan started, and afterward, the relation was continued by Shozo Toda, M.D. who put all his energies into the development of research on hygiene relating to architecture. The golden age of architectural hygiene related to the field of medicine was ushered in. Such a tradition in medicine was accepted by the field of architectural engineering. Namely, the rate of room temperature fluctuation, which was first proposed in the field of medicine, led to the establishment of the theory of room temperature fluctuation in the field of architectural engineering. In conclusion, architecture and medicine have cooperatively developed in a light and shadow fashion.
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Masahiro HORI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
10-17
Published: 1999
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The air, especially, indoor air quality was discussed from the standpoint of environmental engineering. Compared with outdoor air, indoor air contains much larger suspended particulate and more fiber particles as well as living organisms, such as fungi and mites in addition to polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. The application of plasticizers, formicides and insecticides have polluted indoor air and air-tight buildings have made the problems much more serious. The indoor gaseous pollutants included not only inorganic compounds such as carbon monoxide, dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone but also organic compounds, such as volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and aromatic hydrocarbon. The concentration level of organic pollutants, especially volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in new buildings in Japan is higher than in Europe and the USA. On the other hand, urban air as outdoor air for ventilation is frequently not regarded as clean because of atmospheric pollution. The properties and behavior of air and harmful gases and particulate in indoor air are also discussed.
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Iwao UCHIYAMA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
18-24
Published: 1999
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We usually need about fifteen cubic meters of air per day, and inspire 410 thousand cubic meters of air in our lifetime. Ambient air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other trace gases, and also contains many kinde of manmade hazardous chemicals and particulate matter. It is important to recognize the mechanism of respiration and gas exchange in order to know the relationships between human beings and air. Respiration in a narrow sense means external respiration, that is gas exchange between air and the human body. The airway system starts from the nose and mouth to the trachea. It is divided into two bronchi and reaches the alveoli. They are formed of single respiratory epitherial cells, and their total surface area is about 100 square meters. Alveoli are surrounded, by many capifiary vessels, through which carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged. The meanings of several terms of pulmonary functions and oxygen partial pressure in the air are reported, and the transportation and fate in the human body of hazardous chemicals and particulate matter are described.
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Yasuto NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
25-30
Published: 1999
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A drastic change in life-style is indispensable for the reduction of CO_2 emission according to the decision reached at COP3 in 1997. But a change in life-style has already been required to occur, and would be brought about by reforming the commercial and industrial set up. The change in life-style should not be compulsory but made autonomously and creatively. A change of heart is needed to achieve the demand. It is recommended that man restores contact with nature and revives climatic features in his life. He could thus return to his original lifestyle. In order to realize the idea, a new summer time system has been proposed. The difference between this system and the previous one is a noon recess that is longer one hour than in ordinary summer time. If man continued to be in contact with warm air outside at noon for one or two weeks, he would achieve seasonal acclimatization in his body. Accordingly, the temperature in the air conditioned room would be set higher than previously. Although working hours are prolonged by one hour, the total amount of energy consumed by air conditioning would be reduced and a reduction of CO_2 emission could be accomplished.
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Hisashi HANZAWA, Toru MOCHIDA, Atsusi ONO, Ikusei MISAKA, Noriyuki TAK ...
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
31-39
Published: 1999
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Displacement ventilation is known as an air distribution system that has less draft risk and high ventilation efficiency in the occupied zone. It is important to identify a thermal environment and the ventilation efficiency of a displacement ventilation system. This study deals with comparison of the performance of a displacement ventilation, a conventional system and an under floor air conditioning system. The results show that a displacement ventilation has the highest ventilation efficiency in the occupied zone and does not distribute airborne particles horizontally.
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Hideo OHNO, Tadaaki MANO, Yoko SASOU, Satoru KUNO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
40-47
Published: 1999
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The authors conducted experiments on bathing in early winter and examined the continuity of thermal comfort of six middle-aged and elderly after bathing at their own houses. The results are as follows: (1) Even in a changing room without any heater, cold discomfort was reduced to some extent when warm air from the adjacent rooms came into the room. (2) Because of the differences in the clothing conditions or heating methods in a living room, it was difficult to find a clear relationship between the temperature in the living room and the temperature of the water in the bathtub. (3) It is recommended that the living room should be heated up to maintain thermal comfort after bathing, and the physiological responses, e.g. heart rate, systolic blood pressure and mean skin temperature were observed to be stable. (4) The subjects who took a hot bath kept warm sensation with increase in heart rate, which seemed to be due to a strained condition of the sympathetic nerve system.
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Adult-onset asthma and occupational exposures. Toren, K., Jarvholm, B., Brisman, J., Hagberg, S., Hermansson, B-A., Lillienberg, L.: Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 25(5): 430-435, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature,Commentary)
Masatoshi TANAKA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
48-
Published: 1999
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Changes in exercise and post-exercise core temperature under different clothing conditions. Kenny, G.P., Reardon, F.D., Thoden, J.S., Giesbrecht, G.G.: Int. J. Biometeorol., 43: 8-13, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature,Commentary)
Masatoshi TANAKA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
48-
Published: 1999
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Effect of electromagnetic field on serum biochemical parameters in steelworkers. Kula, B., Sobczak, A., G.-Bochenek, R., and Piskorska, D.: J. Occup. Health, 41(3): 177-180, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature,Commentary)
Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
48-
Published: 1999
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Extremely low frequency magnetic fields and fertility: a follow up study of couples planning first pregnancies. Hjollund, N.H.I., Skotte, J.H., Kostad, H.A., Bonde, J.P.E., and The Danish First Pregnancy Planner Study Team: Occup. Environ. Med., 56(4): 253-255, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature)
Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
48-49
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
49-
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
49-
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
50-
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
50-
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
50-
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Working conditions and health in hairdressing salons. Leino, T., Kakoen, E., Saarinnen, L., Henriks-Eckerman, M.-L., and Paakkulanen, H.: Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 14(1): 26-33, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature)
Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
50-51
Published: 1999
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
51-
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Short term associations between outdoor air pollution and mortality in London. Brenner, S.A., Anderson, H.R., Atkinson, R.W., McMichael, A.J., Strachan, D.P., Bland, J.M., and Bower, J.S.: Occup. Environ. Med., 56(4): 237-244, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature)
Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
51-
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Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: The Tucson children's respiratory study. Stein, R.T., Holberg, C.J., Sherrill, D., Wright, A.L., Morgan, W.J., Taussig, L. and Martinez, F.D.: Am. J. Epidemiol., 149(11): 1030-1037, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature)
Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
51-52
Published: 1999
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Rectal cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water. Yang, C.-Y., Tsai, S-S., Lai, T.-C., Hung, C.-F., and Chiu, H.-F.: Environ. Res., 80(4): 311-316, 1999(Abstracts of foreign literature)
Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
52-
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Yasutaka OSADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
52-
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Akio ISHII
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
52-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
53-
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
54-55
Published: 1999
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
56-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
57-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
57-58
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
59-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
60-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
61-62
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
62-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
63-64
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
66-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
67-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
App2-
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 7 Issue 1 Pages
App3-
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