In part 2, gender differences in thermoregulation and the effect of aging on thermoregulatory functions are discussed. No gender difference in body temperature is generally recognized, but no well- controlled data are available in the literature. Cyclic variation in the basal body temperature of the female is mainly induced by the central effect of progesterone. Gender differences in the process of heat balance are attributed largely to the presence of the second chemical regulation in the female, and to lower metabolic rate and thicker subcutaneous fat in the female than the male. Thus, women sweat much less than men, but the activity of sweat glands per se is also lower in the female. Tolerance to cold is superior in women, while increase in heat production upon exposure to cold is less in women. Increase in sweat gland activity in association with heat acclimatization is more evident in the male. With advancing age, body temperature tends to decline, and the amplitude of its circadian variation is reduced. Thermoregulatory functions of the elderly are characterized by reduction in thermal sensation and perception, in afferent and efferent nervous function, and in effector functions, and by retarded responses in cutaneous blood flow, sweating and shivering, with considerable individual variations. Adaptability to heat and cold is reduced with advancing age, especially in the male.

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We speak of environmental engineering in a broad sense, but here we deal only with architectural environment engineering. When we think about the environmental elements in the existence of the human race, we include water, air, earth and solar energy. These are called basic environmental elements.When we think about the history of architectural environment engineering, we can find a starting point in "Architectural Hygiene" written by Rintaro Mon. Considerable study of the hygiene of housing was conducted in the Taisho era by specialists in hygiene. Kohji Fujii then joined the study as a person interested in architecture. Architectural Science was systematized in the Showa era and environmental engineering was formed as "the Principles of Architectural Planning". Study and education in this field came to be praticed in Showa 10 to 20 (1935 to 1945), and becames more popular after World War, but it used various names. The name "Environmental Engineering" has been used at the Architectural Institute of Japan since Showa 39 (1964), and this branch of study now includes districts, cities and the global environment.

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An outline of the damage caused by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995 was referred especially for reinforced concrete buildings. The statistical data based on the damage survey of all reinforced concrete buildings in the area of earthquake intensity 7 were analyzed. The distinct features of the damage and problems in earthquake-resistant design were discussed and the evaluation of the seismic safety of exisisting buildings was also discussed.

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The effects of local heating on physiological and psychological thermal responses were examined on three healthy female students in a hot environment controlled at 35℃ and 50% r.h. Each subject's tympanic temperature, skin temperature, blood flow rate, sweating rate and thermal sensation, etc., were measured during the experiment, which consisted of a 30 minute control phase, a 30 minute local heating phase and a 30 minute recovery phase. The surface temperature of the 15×20 cm heating pad was controlled by circulating 45℃ water through a silicon tube. The heated regions were the neck, back, loin, upper arms, lower legs and feet. Results showed that physiological and psychological thermal responses to local heating differed according to the heated body regions. They were classified into three groups. When the feet, upper arms and back were heated, the increase in the tympanic temperature and sweating rate was relatively great despite little increase in thermal sensation. On the other hand, when the neck was heated, neither the tympanic temperature nor the sweating rate increased significantly, but the thermal sensation increased noticeably. When the loin and lower legs were heated, both physiological and psychological responses were moderate.

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The study of moxibustion has been done from the viewpoint of oriental medicine to demonstrate that moxibustion is very effective for curing illnesses and maintaining health. Some thermal engineering data were obtained with salt moxibustion experiments, and in moxibustion experiments on human subjects, the thermal and comfort sensation felt by the subjects was time-traced by their votes. The results were as follows. 1) Given the weight of the salt and moxa as well as the twist and quality of moxa, we can predict, within a certain range of variation, the quantitative smoldering tendency of the moxa. 2) There are considerable differences in the conductivity and diffusivity of human skin from one individual to another. 3) Salt moxibustion, when actually performed on a subject, involves heat flow reversal (release and absorption) at the skin which is repeated several times as the operator repeats the smoldering with a new moxa after one has smoldered out. 4) Thermally stimulated by salt moxibustion, a human subject feels comfortable as heat is going out from the skin and during the initial warming-up period.

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Seventeen healthy female students served as subjects in this study and, wearing a training suit, performed a 20 mm exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Air temperature in the climate chamber was keptat 20℃ or 30℃ with a relative humidity of 60% and air-velocity of less than 0.1m/s. Skin temperature at five sites, rectal and ear canal temperature, temperature and humidity under, between and above the clothes were determined every 3 min. Thermal and wetness sensations and discomfort were voted by the subjects also every 3 min. A primary path model was estimated in which these subjective responses depended on the antecedent physiological variables. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to select the suitable endogenous variables to avoid multicollinearity. After the multiple regression analysis, the path model was revised for 20℃ and 30℃ experiments. The effects of the increase in body temperature and sweating on discomfort at 30℃ were quantitatively demonstrated.

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Radiant heating/cooling systems are expected to be more comfortable and superior energysaving systems than convective air-conditioning systems generally used. There are many studies on radiant cooling systems, but they have seldom been put to practical use, because of the condensation problem in Japan. The objective of this study is to investigate thermal comfort in particular, including the effects of humidity (45%rh, 65%rh, 85%rh) and air movement (0.1m/s: constant, on/off; 0.1〜0.3 m/s: random change), by means of subjective experiments conducted on a radiant ceiling cooling system. The experiments are performed with radiant cooling panels in a climate chamber. The subjects sat on a chair under the radiant cooling panels, and they voted on thermal sensation and thermal comfort. The following results were obtained. With the radiant cooling system, the influence of humidity and air movement on thermal sensation votes for the whole body was evaluated by SET^* within one scale difference on the thermal sensation vote (7 scale) in the above experimental conditions. Air movement with the radiant cooling system was expected to have one scale cooler effect than the thermal sensation vote evaluated by SET^*. In addition, a small amount of air movement was expected to improve the comfortable sensation votes with the radiant cooling.

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In light of the recent demand for saving energy, even dwelling houses in mild climates have been highly insulated. The effects of thermal insulation and shading on the air conditioning load in detached houses are studied on the basis of numerical simulation in the climate of Fukuoka falling under region IV of the Energy Conservation Standard. The heating load linearly decreases with the decrease in the heat loss coefficient. However, the cooling load does not change in the case of LDK in which generated indoor heat is considerably large. Peak cooling load appeared in the daytime of summer is suppressed by high grade insulation in envelope structure and sun shade glazing. The cooling load of a highly insulated house is decreased by a way of living adapted to mild climates, such as intermittent air conditioning, the introduction of outside air and the effective exhausting of generated indoor heat.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOC) were surveyed in various kinds of dwelling houses in Japan. T (total) VOC, formaldehyde and suspended particulate matter were measured together with the air change rate in nine of the dwellings, and only VOCs were measured in the others. Examples of the concentrations of identified chemical compounds and chemical classes are also shown. The hydrocarbon concentration for 24 hours was monitored in one of them by PAS (photo-acoustic spectrometry). The main items considered were: The relationship between air-change-rate-correction concentrations of TVOC and formaldehyde, and the age of dwellings, concentrations of VOCs detected in the surveys, characteristics of composition of VOC and coexistence of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) with a boiling point lower than 50℃, time taken to obtain stationary concentration in rooms with no openings; Sampling times and numbers; TVOC measurement as screening test, and FID (Flame ionization detector) and PAS as a TVOC monitor. The measurement of the TVOC concentration after confirming the stationary concentration with a real time monitor or a lapse of 5 hours or more in rooms with no openings was proposed for risk evaluation of VOC exposure. The TVOCs are measured with FID and PAS after separating VOCs from VVOCs in sample air.

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