A study on the nutritional ecology and epidemiology surveyed in farming region in Yamagata, for 30 years since 1955, and in Mexico OAXACA Indio District for 20 years since 1972. As a result the following problems were pointed out. 1. The requirements of ecological nutrition have never been instituted corresponding to light and mental labor. 2. In proportion to much intake of protein, the adult diseases have been increased. And a large quantity of protein included in food causes many problems such of allergies and indisposition of internal secretion, pregnancy, and lactation. 3. The most suitable nutritional requirement will be confirmed by investigating the historical and cultural alimentary habits.

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First, I mentioned indoor environment. Second, I urged the need of reassessment of the regulation of sunshine, natural lighting and ventilation of living areas under the Building Standard Law, to prevent environmental deterioration. Next, I suggested a proper way of maintaining the air-tightness of buildings in relation to energy conservation. And, as it was hard to evaluate a healthy and pleasant environment, checking on whether the minimum requirements for all environmental factors in buildings are secured or not, was proposed. Finally, I gave my personal comment on a healthy house and healthy ways of living at home in Japan.

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Recently, air-tight energy-efficient houses have been increasing in Japan, especially in Hokkaido, the most nothern island. The new houses have a comfortable thermal environment and consume less energy for heating than the existent ones. It is, however, assumed that indoor air quality is debased in terms of its effects on human health. We discuss present and future problems of indoor environment and energy consumption in Hokkaido. We have been making simultaneous measurements of the multi- components of indoor air quality in Japanese houses, composed of three fabric types since 1986. Measured items: 1) air temperature, 2) air humidity, 3) carbon monoxide, 4) carbon dioxide, 5) suspended particles, 6) airborne bacteria, 7) airborne fungi and 8) radon daughters. Radon was measured with the electrostatic integrating monitor method. We have investigated energy consumption for dwelling and discuss energy conservation for heating in the terms of thermal insulation and air tightness. We also discuss how to use solar energy, waste heat and other untapped energy. These utilization of these types of energy for heating and cooling should be taken into consideration when planning infrastructures.

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In order to clarify the factors contributing to the regional difference in cold sensitivity, cold spot distribution over the human body was investigated by a mapping method in a climatic chamber (28±0.5℃). Sammi temperature apparatus, the tip of which was controlled at a temperature of 10±0.5℃ was used for the stimulator. The subjects were 9 femele students and the measurements were conducted on the 25 body regions. The results showed that cold spots were distributed in the 8-23 per cm2 range, the highest on the face and the lowest on the leg. The correlation coefficients between cold sensitivity and cold spot distribution were highly significant (r=0.7〜0.8) excluding the palm and sole. The percent of coincidence among two maps obtained on the same area and in the same subject in a 1 hour interval showed that the mapping method was reliable for evaluating cold spot distribution.

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Warm spot distribution over the human body was examined by means of a newly developed stimulator, the tip temperature of which was controlled at 40±0.5℃ by circulating hot water. The subjects were 10 female students and the measurements were conducted on 25 body regions. The tests showed that warm spots were distributed in the range of 1〜6/cm^2, high in the face, nape and forearm, and low in the leg. The warm spot distribution had a close relationship with the warm sensitivity over the dorsal surface of the body but not over the ventral surface. The reliability of warm spot mapping was also confirmed in this study. It was clarified that the results of warm spot distribution were highly influenced by the location of the map and this should be the reason for the large individual difference in warm spot density.

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This study was conducted to investigate the thermal-sensitivities of the elderly. A simple thermostimulator was used for making a quantitative assessment of the thermal sensitivity of the skin. With this apparatus, temperatures at which the subjects felt either warm or cold were recorded, and the difference between the two temperatures was termed the thermal discrimination threshold. Ambient air temper. ature and skin temperatures at the finger, palm and back of the hand were also measured. The clothing insulation for each individual subject was estimated from his/her particular clothing ensemble. There were no significant differences in the warm, cold and thermal discrimination thresholds between the older and control groups, in spite of the fact that the skin temperature at the back of the hand and clothing insulation for the older group were significantly lower and higher respectively than those for the control group. The relationships between the cold threshold and both the air temperature and skin temperature at the back of the hand were observed to be significant in the case of the older group.

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We investigated thermal comfort during leg heating with hot panels and performed experiments to determine which factors affect thermal comfort. We especially focused our attention on two types of thermal non-uniformities caused by heating with hot panels: the non-uniformity between the upper and lower halves of the body and 2) the shin and calf. We attempted to explain thermal comfort in terms of these factors. Three men and three women participated in the experiments. Three to seven heating panels were prepared for the experiments. A main panel was placed in front of the participant's legs. Others were placed on the side of participant's legs. By changing the number of panels (30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm), we controlled thermal non-uniformity between shin and calf. Surface temperatures of the panels were also changed (50℃, 60℃ and 70℃). The air temperature in the climatic chamber was set at 17℃, 19℃ and 21℃ with a relative humidity of 50%. Thermal sensation vote, thermal comfort vote and thermal sensation of various parts of the body were measured. In order to express thermal non-uniformities, radiant temperature asymmetry (RTA) and plane radiant temperature (PRT) were also measured. The following results were obtained: 1) Thermal comfort was higher for long side panels than for short side panels. 2) Thermal comfort when legs were heated by radiation is explainable in terms of three factors: operative temperature at the center of the body, the heat balance between the upper and lower halves of the body and local non-uniformity of the legs.

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In spite of demands for modernization of living styles and comfortable living environments, some living-related facilities have not yet been adopted nationwide. Among them are flush toilet and sewage treatment facilities, for which implementation is urgent. I began making field surveys of urban and surrounding areas and depopulated areas of the Bingo district in western Japan, which features topographical variations, for the purpose of collecting fundamental data about the propagation of onsite domestic sewage treatment tanks and water preservation over the coming years. The survey took into account the effects of the propagation of onsite domestic sewage treatment tanks on daily life, changes in attitudes towards the environment (which is gaining a lot of attention these days) and usage problems with onsite domestic sewage treatment tanks from the users' standpoint. Onsite domestic sewage treatment tanks were highly favored as countermeasures to water pollution, and a way to improve household hygiene, reduce odors, improve living conditions and the environment etc. while the reduction of installation and maintenance costs and various other improvements were also in high demand.

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We surveyed detached houses and multiple dwellings to show the actual state of garbage odor in the kitchen. The survey included measurements of air temperature, relative humidity and globe temperature in the kitchen, temperature and odor sensor value at the place of garbage storage. Housewives were questioned aubot the time used for household work in the kitchen, storage conditions of garbage, odor sensation (odor intensity, unpleasantness, quality of odor and tolerance). We measured odors using two kinds of odor sensors. One of them responds to the odor of hydrogen sulfide, and its measured value is correlated to evaluations of odor sensation. The length of time when the odor sensor value exceeded the acceptable level of garbage odor in the kitchen was influenced considerably by the storage time of the garbage and the state of storage container. The total length of time exceeding the acceptable level was about one third of the period measured for the house as a whole.

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Exp. I: Sweat rate, fluid intake and water debt during and after exercise were estimated in 62 university athletic club students. Their water intake in meals after exercise was also calculated. Exp. II: Effect of the kind of drink {a: tea (no sugar or sodium), b, C: carbohydrate-electrolyte beveragel, 2, d: soft drink (sugar), e: carbonated beverage (sugar), f: coffee with milk (sugar)} for one hour after exercise and the amount of each beverage was compared and temperature of drinks (10℃, 70℃) and ambient temperature (25℃, 35℃) were estimated. Exp. III: Effect of salt content (5.0g, 2.5g) of meal on fluid intake until going to bed were estimated after exercise. The results were as follows: 1)Even if allowed to drink as much as they want for one hour after exercise, their water debt was not recovered, but they took about 1 liter of water from the meal, and their water debt was likely to have been recovered by the time of sleep. 2)They were not able to drink as large amount of tea as sports drinks (b,c) or soft drinks (d,e,f), and neither temperature of the drink nor of the room effected fluid intake. 3)Low-salt meal slightly reduced fluid intake before going to bed.

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It is now a matter of course to estimate the ventilation rate of each room in the design of building having a central HVAC system because the ventilation rate is widely recognized as one of the most important factors affecting indoor air quality and energy consumption rate. But the ventilation rates of actual buildings in practical use by occupants are not necessarily well known. Such a case is some time happen that the actual ventilation rate is almost zero because of the unexpected use of the occupants while enough rate is assured in the designed value. As it is so even in the case of buildings of which ventilation rates are estimated in the design procedures, we are almost ignorant of the ventilation rates of residential buildings having no HVAC systems. The published data measured in residential buildings are reviewed in order to know the ranges of the ventilation rates expected in actual residential environments. I also have studied about future subjects for the ventilation rate estimation researches and practical prob lems of the measurements.

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This paper aims to make the human body model for the simulation of the effect of non-uniform radiation on the human body. The authors decide the shape and size of the human body model, and verify that the angle factors between the model and walls correspond to those for actual persons. The radiant panel is installed around a subject seated in the center of the model room. The temperature of the surface of the radiant panel was set at four different degrees: 10, 25, 40 and 55℃. As for results, the thermal sensation differed from PMV in non-uniform radiation under certain conditions. As the result of evaluation by the human body model, this may be caused by the imbalance in the radiant heat flux in each part of the human body.

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