The objective of this paper is to find the thermal environment formed around a fountain located in a city. Fountains have the same humidification and cooling effect as water spray, and differences in the thermal environment formed around the two types of fountains were confirmed. Tree shade was suggested to prevent cold air loss from the fountain. From the above results, it is necessary to arrange the arrangement of aquascape facilities so that the natural wind does not cause uneven cold air. Trees need to be effectively placed to provide shade to prevent cold air loss.

Eye discomfort due to dryness is one of the major complaints reported in indoor spaces, especially during the winter months when the humidity is low. Although indoor humidity is reported to affect the stability and thickness of the tear film that protects the ocular surface, the relationship between these physiological parameters and the complaints of dryness or discomfort in the eyes remains unclear. As a fundamental study for evaluation of the effect of indoor humidity on complaints of eye discomfort, this paper aimed to clarify the effects of the tear-film condition on eye dryness and discomfort sensations. Physiological and psychological parameters were measured in the eyes of 18 subjects, including 9 SCL (soft contact lens) wearers, under multiple humidity conditions, and correlations and causal relationships among them were analyzed using multi-level model, which can distinguish between inter- and intra-individual effects. The results indicate that intra- and inter-individual variances in multiple tear-film parameters are associated with variances in eye dryness and discomfort. In the naked-eye group, dryness and discomfort sensations were stronger in individuals when the tear film was less stable, while in the SCL-wearing group, these sensations were stronger in individuals when the tear volume on the lens was lower.

With the aim of preventing traffic accidents involving pedestrians during nighttime rainfall, we examined the visibility of umbrellas of four colors (black, navy blue, blue, and transparent) with reflective tape attached in three different patterns (four places, around the circumference, and radial), as well as without any tape attached (i.e., plain color). Twenty female students evaluated 144 image samples taken at night of a person holding an umbrella with low beam illumination at distances of 100m at 10m intervals. Comparing the four plain-colored umbrellas, the blue umbrellas had significantly higher visibility ratings at 20-40m than the black, navy blue, and transparent umbrellas (p < 0.05). However, results suggested that even when using a blue umbrella, detection of pedestrians may be delayed when cars are traveling at a speed of 60 km/h. Visibility ratings for umbrellas with reflective tape attached in a circumference or radial pattern were significantly higher than plain-colored ones and those with reflective tape attached in four places (p < 0.05). It was affirmed that attaching reflective tape in a radial and circumference pattern is effective in increasing umbrella visibility.