The diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that makes insulin action shortage and a chronic high blood sugar main signs, and the radical cure is difficult. Therefore, the target of medical treatment is assumed to bring a diabetic abnormal metabolizing due to insulin action shortage close as normally as possible, and the approach from many fields like the patient education, the dietetic treatment, the therapeutic exercise, and the drug therapy, etc. is done. On the other hand, the principle of the treatment of obesity is to maintain the living body energy balance to negative, and to remove the visceral fat. The movement is assumed to show various effects to the diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the effect might not be achieved when there is coexisting illness. It is important that exercising continuously by appropriate strength and the amount of the exercise according to the physician instruction. These clinical condition, treatment method, movement method and effect were outlined.

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The purpose of the present study is to analyze the concept of the strategy for program development by public health nurses in Japan and to evaluate the application of the outcome to the practice and research of public health nurses. According to Rodger's approach the descriptive data concerning antecedents, attributes and consequences were qualitatively analyzed. Detected as the antecedents of the strategy for program development were: "Identification of health problems common among the public," "Vision and mission of the professionals," and "An increasing gap between the problems and the vision." The attributes found were: "To have far-reaching objectives and set goals for a proactive healthy life for the citizens," "A need to collect the information concerning individuals and also extending it to the community," "A high regard for communication and collaboration" and "A process of repeated planning, implementing and assessing the activities from diverse viewpoints". For consequences, the following emerged: "Establishing high quality programs", "Developing activities" and "Empowering the residents of the community and the personnel involved in the program." From these results, the concept behind the strategy for program development was defined, and the modal case which could support the defined concept was shown.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to comprehend the characteristics of the care of childbirth made by expert midwives assisting in first stage of labor. The participants of this study were four expert midwives who have more than 1,000 cases of deliveries over the last 20 years. This study analyzed nine cases which these midwives assisted. The data were collected by observing the midwife is practice and by conducting a semi-structured interview with her afterward. Consents from the midwife's, childbearing women and their families were obtained before hand. Data analysis revealed five categories which the midwives utilized for their the care of childbirth. And subcategory of the category and twelve included in it has been extracted.; 1) care of childbirth at makes the best use of feature reaction in passage, 2) care of gotten in balance of the entire body, 3) care of childbirth to which natural flow is esteemed, 4) care of produces birth of family, and 5) care of expecting power from the laboring woman. They composed the midwives' practical knowledge as a whole. The midwives make care of childbirth based on their own beliefs regarding natural childbearing, own senses acquired through long experience, outstanding ability to assess situation, and own practical knowledge mingled with their own criterion.

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Objective: The present study assessed the influence of family cohesion and sense of filial responsibility on the sense of socialization of elderly care, based on data of university students and parents in Japan and China. Methods: The hypothesized causal model was tested using constitutive equation modeling of 636 university students and 368 parents in Japan and 480 university students and 473 parents in China. Results and discussion: The goodness of fit to the causal model was generally satisfactory in both Japan and China and was statistically supported. In Japan, a sense of socialization of elderly care was found to be negatively associated with family cohesion and a sense of responsibility for instrumental or emotional support for parents. A poor sense of filial responsibility was found to be associated with an increased sense of socialization of elderly care. In China, a sense of socialization of elderly care was found to negatively associated with a sense of responsibility for instrumental support for parents. In both countries, university students had a stronger sense of filial responsibility than parents. Japanese parents had the least sense of responsibility for instrumental support for parents and the strongest sense of socialization of elderly care. The present study discovered a causal relationship in which family cohesion is associated with a sense of socialization of elderly care via a sense of responsibility for instrumental support for parents in both countries.

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