In this study, we were able to clarify the tacit knowledge that can be understood only from the experience of a large-scale water disaster by firefighters. In Chapter 1, there is a limit to what can be grasped by the “Near miss database”. found. In Chapter 2, we conducted a hearing survey on understanding the details of the disaster and making decisions during activities, and organized the contents of the hearing using the "event flow chart." In Chapter 3, we conducted a questionnaire survey and identified the root cause using "why-why analysis", evaluated the identified root cause, and examined the causal relationship. Finally, in Chapter 4, we extracted what was actually testified about the root cause, and clarified the findings and tacit knowledge obtained from it.

This study examined the possibility of participation by nursing professionals in disaster mitigation and recovery activities in their residential areas. The results indicated that nursing professionals could meet the expectations of local residents for "first aid" and "psychological care. However, it was suggested that there were concerns when they had not experienced disaster-related activities in the community. It was suggested that measures to lower the hurdles to participation may encourage participation in disaster mitigation and recovery activities.

In the field response related to public civil engineering facilities immediately after the occurrence of a disaster, it is significant to clarify how the government made the situation judgment and how the decision-making for the first aid response was made in the assembly of the on-site response system for a large-scale disaster in the future. In this paper, based on the results of the Wakayama Prefecture survey of the 2011 Kii Peninsula Flood Disaster, we will promote efforts to establish efficient on-site response management by extracting common or different issues by comparing them with similar surveys conducted in Tochigi Prefecture, which was severely damaged by the Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon Disaster.

The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between the personal network of local government officer in the Disaster Prevention and Crisis Management Division and the disaster case management ability. Therefore, when we conducted a questionnaire survey of local governments on a municipal scale, we found that disaster case management abilities consist of four abilities: expertise, cooperation, confrontation, and preparedness. It was also found that personal networks can be classified into small-scale type, work area type, welfare type, and large-scale / professional type. As a result of quantification type I analysis of disaster case management ability, it was confirmed that officers with high expertise, cooperation, and preparedness had large-scale personal networks. This suggests that it is effective to increase the network of various people inside and outside the work area for some of the disaster case management abilities.

This study focuses on the relationship between disaster-related deaths and chronic disease. Eighty-two patients in Kumamoto City were included in this study. The International Classification of Diseases was used as the method. The results showed that 67% of the fatalities were due to chronic disease. In addition, 55.5% of the deceased had a chronic disease of the same type as the cause of death. Furthermore, we compared the prevalence of chronic disease under normal circumstances and in the event of a disaster.

The revision of the Basic Act on Disaster Countermeasures in 2021 addressed this root cause by making it an obligation of effort for municipalities to create individual evacuation plans for those truly in need of support in which welfare professionals participate in the creation. However, the method of identification of those in need has not yet been established, and needs to be established as soon as possible. A survey and judgment were conducted on 1914 home users of long-term care insurance services in Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture by the care manager in charge, and a binomial logistic regression analysis was performed on the data. Predictions were made for those who truly need assistance using the exact model and the model with margins. And suggestions were made to improve the accuracy.

The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection from 2019 (COVID19) forced welfare facilities to implement infection prevention measures. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of infection prevention measures against COVID19 implemented by a social welfare corporation in Japan. The social welfare corporation established an infection control headquarters to manage the multiple welfare facilities and related facilities comprehensively. Then it proceeded to create manuals for daily infection control measures, to conduct training, to create a flow diagram for infection prevention of COVID19 in the facilities, to establish simple negative pressure ventilation equipment, and to set zoning of the facilities. These lessons are meaningful for other welfare facilities to prevent the outbreak.

The purpose of this study is to show the factors associated with disaster preparedness among community-dwelling older adults in Japan. We used cross-sectional survey data collected for the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) in 2019. This data was collected by using mail-based, self-reported questionnaires. A total of 18302 people who responded to disaster preparedness and related factors were included in this study. The results of this study showed that economic status and living alone were related to disaster preparedness, that men were more likely than women to participate in community disaster preparedness activities, and that instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were associated with each the disaster preparedness examined.

This study tries to investigate the effects and usefulness of disaster memorial museums in the affected area by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE): Iwate and Miyagi, compared with museums in other affected areas: Hyogo, Niigata, and Tokyo. We conducted an internet survey of the people (N=137) visiting the five disaster memorial museums. The five museums could be classified into four categories based on three axes. It is suggested that the two museums of GEJE would be more effective in improving visitors’ ability of disaster risk reduction and more intention to pass them on to others and less in learning response, recovery, and reconstruction, preparedness than those in other regions. Finally, three measures/factors could be proposed to utilize the museums of GEJE more effectively.

This study is concerned with communication regarding the earthquake damage assessment in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A questionnaire survey has conducted with the aim of clarifying Tokyo residents' awareness of the earthquake damage assessment and cognitive systems of earthquake damage assumptions as conceived by Tokyo residents. As a result, first of all, there were a certain number of people who were skeptical about the earthquake damage assessmentreleased by the government, even though they were aware of their contents. Next, it was found that the damage caused by earthquake shaking was overestimated compared to the government's assumption, while the damage to lifelines such as electricity, water, and gas was underestimated. As a result, it is clear that damage assessment is unlikely to promote earthquake preparedness among residents.

This study aims to explore the elements necessary to solve the problem of shelter quality in disaster-affected areas in Japan. The researchers identified twelve positive deviant good practice evacuation shelter management cases from four significant disasters over the past ten years. Interviews with twelve leaders were transcribed. Three disaster researchers from sociology, public health, and architectural backgrounds as well as two crisis management practitioners independently extracted key terms from the same transcript. Through the Affinity Diagram method, eight mutually exclusive super-conceptual clusters emerged. Five out of eight super-clusters corresponded with areas that were prescribed by the National government-issued Evacuation Shelter Management Guideline. Three unique super-clusters also appeared to be characteristic of the competent shelter operation.

It is difficult to get prompt assistance from outside world when major disasters occur in mountain communities. Therefore, the autonomous disaster prevention activities in mountain communities are particularly important. However, there are few studies about current status of disaster prevention activities in mountainous communities in China disaster-prone area, like Sichuan Province. Thus, we conducted interviews and a questionnaire to community autonomous disaster prevention organizations and residents in mountain area of Sichuan province, and evaluated the current situation and problems of disaster prevention activities. By combining with the characteristics of communities, the development trends of autonomous disaster prevention activities can be provided.

In order to understand the factors that contribute to the perception gap between dam managers and residents in the downsteam area when emergency water discharge operations occur, we conducted a literature review and interviewed several dam managers. By applying the KJ method to the basic data, we revealed that publicity on excess floods has been scarce for a long period of time, and this may be the cause of perception gap. And we made suggestions for improvement in this problem.

Existing facilities are being converted to disaster shelters for disaster in Japan. This study traces the history of the current situation in Japan where evacuation shelters are "converted from existing facilities" and set up in "public facilities" from disaster records， relevant laws and regulations， and Diet discussions. This study revealed that 1) The reason for this style of evacuation centers in Japan is that public facilities such as local elementary schools were claimed to be effective as disaster shelters for local residents，2) It became clear that elementary schools were positioned as the central facility of the community in the event of elections and evacuations，and that measures such as earthquake resistance were granted to strengthen their functions and promote the designation of disaster shelters.

The purpose of this study is to utilize the persona method to develop effective risk messages that encourage participation in risk communication among people who are indifferent to nuclear disaster prevention. We conducted a questionnaire survey of residents in 15 municipalities near the Tokai No. 2 Power Station, including Tokai Village and Mito City in Ibaraki Prefecture, and classified residents into four clusters based on their risk perception of nuclear power plants and interest in social issues. Each cluster was characterized by gender, age, occupation, lifestyle, information behavior, disaster preparedness behavior, and attitudes toward energy policy, indicating that an objective and reproducible persona method can be created.

In order to evaluate residents’ risk perception of vacant houses in wooden house congested area, we conducted two kinds of survey, one is an interview with stakeholders of the vacant houses and the other is questionnaire of the citizens of three areas in Arakawa city. These data are used to investigate resident’s perceptions of risks caused by vacant houses. According to test of independence and analysis of variance, the difference in risk perception between the three areas and between the kinds of damage can be compared in this study.

This paper is a report of research on evacuation transport support for residents in need of assistance in evacuation on the current road in the city area, assuming evacuation to wide area evacuation sites with the assistance of manually propelled wheelchairs. The experiment was carried out by making four laps (total distance 2,184.4m) on a 546.1m course set on a road with ups and downs and a road longitudinal gradient of 0.25% to 8.41%. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the formulation of evacuation plans by clarifying the possibility of long-distance transportation and the transportation speed, the relationship between the road longitudinal gradient and the transportation speed, etc. regarding evacuation support by manually propelled wheelchairs.

One of the serious problems on the urban recovery after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake is differences between estimated number of residents and actual population of the recovered districts. This paper conducted regional comparative study to clarify the reasons for the problem interviewing affected municipalities in Tohoku Region. It can be summarized as follows: (1) Achievement rate is relatively low in the districts using Raised Land Strategy, (2) The differences in the situation of each local government are comprehensively organized to clarify related factors for the differences.

The road network spreads all over the country of Japan. Once a road disaster happens, it can cause severe damage to social assets and human lives as well as roads themselves. Road administrators, i.e. national and local governments, are expected to monitor and keep road safety at high levels. Still, they usually have budget constraints and hardly afford all prevention works. This paper proposes a roadside slope monitoring method utilizing IoT sensor devices with accelerometers. We install the wireless devices at places at risk of road disasters and analyze data remotely gathered from the devices. The data contains tilt and vibration values that help calculate an abnormality of the focused place. We conclude that our approach can detect slope deformations and will support disaster prevention management tasks.

Typhoon No. 15 in September 2019 caused significant storm surge damages to the Fukuura and Sachiura areas in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey and a field survey, this study clarified a distribution of inundation depths on land and evaluated relationship between the inundation depths and damages to industries. As a result, we found that the storm surge inundation occurred widely in the coastal areas more than assumed in a hazard map, and that manufacturing industries that handle materials vulnerable to water, such as paper and pulp, were more likely to suspend operations even at relatively shallow inundation depths. Additionally, the number of days businesses were suspend due to storm surge tended to be longer than other water-related disasters.

With the aim of generating useful information to estimate the amount of house cleanup work and shortages of personnel, we used the Mabi disaster volunteer work management data by the Kurashiki City Disaster Volunteer Center for the heavy rain disaster in July 2018 to estimate the actual workload in the damaged areas. The amount of work to clean up houses per week was determined for the type of work, using the inundation depth classification that can be deciphered from the ground elevation, and the characteristics of each district were clarified. As a result, two types of workload estimation models were developed: a standard model for normal inundation and a model for the vicinity of a levee failure that destroys houses. It was found that houses that were deeply inundated tended to continue indoor work for a long period of time in order to resume their lives, while those near the levee failure tended to remove soil and transport disaster waste in the early stages after the disaster. By using this workload estimation model, it is possible to estimate the total workload by deciphering the depth of flooding and the location of levee failures from aerial photographs. As a result, it is possible to estimate the excess or shortage of personnel.

In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and analysis of the tsunami evacuation behavior associated with the Miyagi earthquake that occurred on March 20, 2021 in Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture. The results are summarized as follows ; 1)51.3% of evacuees by a car are "people who can convert to evacuation on foot" assuming the 2021 Miyagi earthquake. 2) It is suggested that while promoting evacuation on foot saves many lives, it may be increase that the amount of property damage of automobiles. 3) Measures to promote walking evacuation include reviewing evacuation drill methods and contents, building relationships that praise walking evacuation within the community of residents, and promoting community development that does not require the use of cars in everyday life.

This study examined the possibility of introducing self-supporting distributed power supplies to ensure stable energy even in the event of a large-scale disaster and to build a region where self-supporting life can be achieved in the event of a disaster. As a result, 1) energy consumption density is high in the center and along the main arterial road. 2) There was a total of 163 clusters in the candidate districts, and there were districts where it was possible to build an independent living area in the event of a disaster at the community level while ensuring business feasibility, environmental friendliness, and disaster prevention. 3) There are various usage configurations such as administration-medical, administration-education, and education-medical. In addition, there were areas where cooperation such as accommodation and entertainment facilities were possible. It is thought that it is possible to construct an area where people can live independently in the event of a disaster by configuring such various uses.

Recently, due to continuous increase of the scale and intensity of torrential rains and typhoons, the flood risks for hinterlands of existing disaster prevention facilities are increased. To protect human lives from these events, soft measures should be implemented as well as hard measures. The purpose of this study is to understand typical inundation patterns of the Tomoe River, Shizuoka, for big typhoons with high storm surges and to propose a new method for selecting locations of evacuation shelters that effectively reduces the number of victims. With the method, new evacuation shelters which would minimize the number of victims were suggested, but it was found that early evacuation was more effective than the establishment of new evacuation shelters for this area.

Catastrophic disaster might cause long-term damage to company’s sales due to several reasons such as the outflow of market share and the decrease investment for growth. Therefore, this paper analyzed sales trends of listed companies over the 10 years since the Great East Japan Earthquake. As a result of survey, the average sales of the damaged companies began to decline compared to undamaged companies from four years after the earthquake, the gap with undamaged companies gradually increases even after 10 years.

In this study, health and medical care activities in the Kumamoto earthquake were investigated and how public health center buildings were used after the earthquake was revealed. From the results, building goals that can be used by public health centers nationwide were set at three levels with respect to "location" "structure" "equipment" "communication facilities" "indoor planning" and "site planning”. For example, the minimum level of "electricity (equipment)" was set to be a generator and enough fuel for 72 hours. These goals will help to understand the current state of health center buildings. In addition, each public health center needs to clarify its role in a disaster and set new goals for the region.

The study aimed to understand the knowledge and awareness of disaster prevention in international students in Japan and investigate whether the use of Japanese impacted their understanding of and preparedness for disasters. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 195 international students in Tochigi Prefecture. The results indicated that international students with fluency in Japanese had greater knowledge of evacuation centers. On the other hand, in terms of awareness of disaster prevention, it was found that fluency in Japanese did not alleviate anxiety or prepare international students better in the event of a disaster.

This paper explains the contents and results of a disaster response training for local government officials for flood disasters, which included listening to the "narratives" of local government officials who had actually experienced disaster response work. The exercises of listening to the direct experience narratives were highly evaluated by the students, who also express the desire to learn more. So that it would not be an opportunity to "just listen to the story", a worksheet was developed so that the exercise included not only input, but also output and question and answer activities were promoted. Although the speakers' experiences were individual and diverse, there was no significant difference observed in the student's evaluation or worksheet content, regardless of the student’s attributes.

The purposes of this study are to clarify roles and characteristics of prefectural human resource assistance in the emergency response operations of municipalities included in the prefectures affected by large-scale flooding, and to propose a standard model of human resource assistance to municipalities that should be implemented by prefectures in Japan. The results of interviews with four prefectures affected by major flooding and two questionnaire surveys for all prefectures and flood-damaged municipalities indicate that prefectures are expected to dispatch executive staff, to dispatch prefectural staff as manpower, and to coordinate external support for affected municipalities.

In order to understand the current situation and issues of the system of liaison officers, which liaison officers are dispatched from prefectures to disaster-stricken local governments at the time of a disaster, and to clarify potential issues, an interview survey was conducted targeting cases in which the system has not been changed since the system of liaison officers has been in operation and cases in which the system was reviewed. As a result, potential issues were identified due to the lack of improvements in response to lessons learned from past disasters and issues that arose through the operation of the system. For the potential issues that were identified, improvement policies were discussed based on the status of the review of the liaison system.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between social vulnerability and long-term stay in shelters after the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster. We used data from a social survey conducted in 2016 targeting disaster survivors in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures. Among the respondents, we extracted responses from 308 people who used shelters and transformed the data for these respondents into person-period data. As a result, 826 observations were included in the analysis, and a discrete-time model was used to analyze this data. The results showed that age and single-person households were associated with more extended shelter stays. However, these effects were no longer observed in the Fukushima sample, and the evacuation order due to the nuclear accident affected shelter stays. Finally, the application of the analysis results to the assistance of disaster survivors was discussed.

In municipalities, capacity development plans on disaster reduction are rarely prepared. Therefore, for the purpose of examining the content of disaster preparedness training in prefectures, this study developed a capacity development plan for disaster preparedness through a working group of crisis management staffs. Analysis of the developed plans and interviews with working group participants revealed that a high level of disaster response training is needed even in municipalities with few crisis management staff. It was also noted that there is a need for training programs that are easily accessible to small municipalities with few crisis management staff.

There have been many cases in which people with disabilities, the elderly, and others who need special support at the times of disasters have died as a result of past disasters. In May 2021, the Basic Act on Disaster Countermeasures was revised, making it mandatory for governments and others to make efforts to create individual support plans for those who truly need assistance. In line with this change, the Cabinet Office has released action guidelines for preparing individual evacuation plans, but has not yet provided detailed procedures．The purpose of this study is to clarify the operational procedures of the welfare department at Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture, which is one of the pioneering examples of making individual support plans in accordance with the contents of the action guidelines．

This study considers the linkage between household and community disaster preparedness. This study targets a suburban residential area that was developed in the 1970s and is adjacent to a steep slope with a risk of landslide disaster. A questionnaire survey on all households was conducted, and a path analysis model was developed using household and community disaster preparedness and behavior as dependent variables, with anxiety about disaster damage, knowledge of disaster prevention, perceived benefits of mutual aid, and level of participation in community activities as explanatory variables. Multiple regression analysis was also conducted to examine risk perception and environmental assessment of steep slopes.

The historical transition about the position of outdoor accommodation facilities in the Tokyo metropolitan area disaster prevention plans, the actual situation of evacuation sites in large-scale earthquakes before the Disaster countermeasures Basic Act, and cases of outdoor accommodation facilities installation at large-scale earthquakes after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake are summarized. Based on these analysis results, we considered the characteristic and issues of outdoor accommodation facilities as an alternative to shelters, which are pointed out as the main causes of disaster-related deaths.

After a large-scale disaster occurs, severely damaged buildings are demolished and treated as disaster waste. To obtain basic data for estimating the amount of disaster waste, we analyzed the demolition ratio from the building database in Mashiki Town after the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. The building database includes damage level, structure typology, building year, etc. We also analyzed the relationship of demolition ratio with building typologies and construction year. The demolition ratio for severely damaged, moderately damaged, and minor damaged buildings were calculated as approximately 85%, 30%, and 10%, respectively. The proportions of wooden and other structures on demolished buildings were also derived as approximately 90% and 10%. The demolition ratios of newer buildings in the same damage levels were less than buildings constructed before 2000.

In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of measures to improve the safety of tsunami evacuation by utilizing underused land, considering multiple tsunamis of different scales. Specifically, we estimated improvement in the safety of evacuation that would occur by removing vacant houses to reduce the risk of road blockage due to the collapse of houses within the evacuation route in the event of an earthquake, or by utilizing the vacant space as an evacuation route. Since the tsunami scales is indefinite, safety measures must be put in place for various tsunami scales, which were taken into consideration in this study. It was shown that the effectiveness of countermeasures under consideration can be clarified in more detail by conducting analysis anticipating tsunamis of various scales.

The purpose of this study is to develop a quantitative estimation procedure for disaster debris in consideration of seismic retrofitting of dwelling housing by accounting for the relationship between the time of construction, fragility curves of housing, and the result of earthquake resistant evaluation. The developed estimation method was applied to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake disaster, and the amount of disaster debris was estimated to be 2.96 million tons with consideration of seismic retrofitting. In addition, the amount of disaster debris caused by the Nankai Trough Earthquake disaster in Aichi Prefecture was calculated. As a result, it was indicated that reconstruction and seismic retrofitting of dwellings could result in the reduction of disaster debris.