Ototropis (Leguminosae tribe Desmodieae) is revised based on the results of phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA (5ʹtrnK intron, ndhJ-trnF-trnL, trnT-trnL, trnG-trnS, trnQ-rps16, trnL-rpl32, rpl16 intron, trnC-rpoB and ndhA intron) and nuclear DNA (ITS, ETS and AS2) and morphological and palynological characteristics. New robust phylogenetic trees of tribe Desmodieae are presented and the results reveal polyphyletic assemblage of Ototropis. To resolve the polyphyly, the genus is divided into four monophyletic genera, Ototropis s.str., Daprainia gen. nov., Puhuaea gen. nov. and Sunhangia gen. nov. The newly circumscribed Ototropis is sister to Ougeinia in the phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA and they compose a clade with Ohwia and Dendrolobium. A new genus Daprainia is sister to the Desmodium–Oxytes clade distinct from other three genera of the previous circumscription of Ototropis. The other new genera Puhuaea and Sunhangia are closely related from each other and they formed a large clade with the Pseudarthria–Pedleya–Pullenia clade. Results of the new classification system are proposed in the taxonomic treatment included.

Eleocharis ranganathensis Viji, G. C. Tucker, Deepu & Pandur. (Cyperaceae), a new species from the Western Ghats, India, is described and illustrated. This new species has some morphological features that are intermediate between E. complanata Boeckeler and E. geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. (series Maculosae Svens.) but differs in a combination of characters, including leaf sheath with obliquely truncate hyaline mouth, ovate-oblong spikelet, smaller glumes, shorter perianth bristles, shining, blackish-brownish nutlets with faintly reticulate epidermal cells, and conical tubercle.

Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. (Asparagaceae) is the original plant of “Ophiopogon Root” in The Japanese Pharmacopoeia 17th ed. (2016, p. 1881). However, O. japonicus s.lat. includes O. japonicus s.str., O. ohwii Okuyama and O. chekiangensis K. Kimura & Migo. Based on the investigations of the growing conditions and rhizome development, 139 individuals of O. japonicus s.lat. collected in Japan, were divided into three types, i.e., 60 individual of Oj type (gregarious, vertical and long creeping rhizome), 62 individuals of Oo type (tufted, vertical rhizome) and 17 individuals of Oc type (tufted and gregarious, vertical and long creeping rhizome). From the results of the cultivation experiments of the three types, it was found that the number, weight and size of the enlarged parts of the roots differed between the three types. In considering other characteristics together, these results lead to the conclusion that Oj, Oo and Oc types are identified as O. japonicus s.str., O. ohwii and O. chekiangensis, respectively. I propose that the original plant of “Ophiopogon Root” should be described as O. japonicus s.str., O. ohwii and O. chekiangensis in The Japanese Pharmacopoeia.

The genus Borthwickia W. W. Sm. (Resedaceae) is a monotypic genus, with B. trifoliata W. W. Sm. This species has been known only from Myanmar, China (Yunnan) and Vietnam. During the expedition in Phongsali Province, Lao PDR, a population of this species was found and the specimens were collected. A brief note on its morphology and ecology are provided with photographs.

Hymenasplenium quangnamense Li Bing Zhang, K. W. Xu & Liang Zhang (Aspleniaceae), recently described from Vietnam, is reported from Myanmar for the first time. The reproductive mode was estimated to be apogamous. This report suggests there may be more species of the genus Hymenasplenium in Myanmar.

Anthracothecium interlatens (Nyl.) Aptroot was found in several localities, being mainly collected on the trunks of Acer palmatum, Camellia japonica, and Quercus glauca from middle Honshu to Kyushu. This is the first record for the species in Japan.