A new species of Aristolochia L. subgenus Siphisia (Duch.) O.C.Schmidt (Aristolochiaceae), A. vestita Ohi-Toma, Pan Li & Watan.-Toma, is described from Huaxi, Pan’an County, the foot of Mt. Dapan, Zhejiang Province of eastern China. The new species is clearly distinguished by its herbaceous to papery leaves and velvety yellow-brown hairs on stems, petioles, leaves, pedicel, perianth tubes, and ovaries from A. kaempferi Willd. and its allies, although its floral morphology is similar to that of A. kaempferi. In the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus, A. vestita belongs to the A. kaempferi group. Within the group, the phylogenetic relationship is still equivocal but A. vestita is distinguished from other species based on its specific chloroplast DNA sequences. A key to the species of the A. kaempferi group is also provided.

Desmodium s.l. (Leguminosae tribe Desmodieae) is highly diverse in Indochina at the generic level. Among the segregates from Desmodium s.s., Grona has most differentiated in the region with 16 species. This paper adds two species of Grona to the region: a new species, G. laosensis H.Ohashi, K.Ohashi & Tagane, and a new combination, G. ovalifolia (Prain) H.Ohashi, K.Ohashi & Tagane, based on comparative morphological studies and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses. A new list of Desmodium s.l. of Indochina includes 14 genera and 45 species comprising nine genera and 19 species in Cambodia, 13 and 34 in Laos, 13 and 34 in Thailand, and 12 and 29 in Vietnam, respectively.

A new lectotype for Bulbophyllum drymoglossum Maxim. ex Ōkubo (Orchidaceae) is designated and Christenson’s lectotypification in 1995 is rejected. Specimens of B. drymoglossum, four from Mt. Kiyosumi (Chiba Pref.) in June 1882, and one from Ugui Village (Wakayama Pref.) in July 1883 and thought to be among the original material studied by Okubo, were discovered in TI. Among the specimens, TI00011344, collected on Mt. Kiyosumi, is designated the lectotype. Two specimens of B. drymoglossum at LE that were examined by Maximowicz are mixed collections from Mt. Kiyosumi (a plausible isolectotype) and Mt. Kirishima (Miyazaki Pref.).

Lectotypes have been designated for the associated synonyms of Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae), namely D. tamifolia Salisb., D. heterophylla Roxb., D. crispata Roxb., D. pulchella Roxb., D. tenuiflora Schltdl, D. latifolia Benth. and D. perrieri R.Knuth. Furthermore, the lectotypes for the varietal names of D. pentaphylla L. namely var. linnaei Prain & Burkill, var. malaica Prain & Burkill, and var. thwaitesii Prain & Burkill have been designated.

Fritillaria crassicaulis S.C.Chen (Liliaceae) is reported as a new record for the flora of Nepal.

We report dauciform roots in Aletris spicata (Thunb.) Franch. Swollen dauciform roots were observed in all populations of the species examined, while a similar root structure was not observed in the congeneric species A. foliata (Maxim.) Bureau & Franch. The description and illustrations in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 15 indicated that both of A. spicata in China and A. capitata in China also have dauciform roots. To date, such roots have been reported in Cyperaceae and Juncaceae; this is a confirmation of dauciform roots in Nartheciaceae in Japanese species.

Euphorbia oblongata Griseb . (Euphorbiaceae), “Barukan-nourushi” in Japanese, was reported in 2018 as a new naturalized plant from urban areas of Kanagawa Pref., Kanto District, Japan. The species is native to South Europe and West Asia and is naturalized in UK, USA and Australia, etc. In Japan, we confirmed the species from Ibaraki, Tokyo, Aichi, Wakayama and Okayama Prefs. as well as Kanagawa Pref. based on morphological observation and DNA identification. It also grows unintentionally in Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden and Okayama Handayama Botanical Garden. It is thought that the plant escaped from the cultivation at a home garden and naturalized, but the naturalized area is still limited at present.

In India, Pedicularis globifera Hook.f. (Orobanchaceae) had been known only from two historical collections, in 1849 and 1903 made in Sikkim. Recently, we rediscovered P. globifera in the Lhonak Valley and in the Gurudongmar Valley, the Sikkim Himalaya, after more than 110 years. According to IUCN criteria and guidelines, P. globifera is proposed to be recognized in the Critically Endangered (CR) category in India.

Padus grayana (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. (Rosaceae) is a deciduous tree distributed from Hokkaido to Kyushu in Japan and throughout southern China. Padus grayana with compound racemes were found in Nagano Prefecture by Hayashibe. We further observed individuals with this inflorescence mutation in Miyagi, Niigata and Kyoto Prefectures and Tokyo Metropolis. The long-term stability and heredity of this mutation needs to be verified but it is academically interesting as a potential demonstration of inflorescence mutation. It could also have future agricultural and horticultural uses. We recognize the plants as a new form, P. grayana f. paniculata T.Katsuki & Hayashibe.