Myanmaranthus Nob.Tanaka, Suksathan & K.Armstr., a new genus of Marantaceae from northern Myanmar, is described with a single species, M. roseiflorus Nob.Tanaka & K.Armstr. Its relationship to all other genera in Asian Marantaceae is investigated through morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses based upon chloroplast (rps16 intron, trnLtrnF) and nuclear (ITS and ETS) sequences. Myanmaranthus differs morphologically from the most closely related genus, Phrynium Willd., in having a combination of the following characters: a rosulate habit, a loose paniculate inflorescence arising from the rhizome, the absence of interphylls and bracteoles, and fertile bracts each holding a single pink flower. Thus far, this new taxon is known only from the type locality in Kachin State, Myanmar. A key to the genera of Asian Marantaceae is provided.

During the revision of genus Jurinea Cass. in India, we found that four names viz., Aplotaxis albescens DC., A. auriculata DC., Saussurea chenopodiifolia Klatt, and S. decurrens Hemsl. applied to the genus Jurinea need to be typified. Therefore, in order to stabilize the application of these names lectotypes are designated here.

The new name Poa stapfiana Bor (Poaceae) was proposed for a later homonym P. tremula Stapf, non Lam. Bor also proposed a new combination of the variety P. stapfiana var. micranthera(Stapf) Bor based on P. tremula var. micranthera Stapf. The names of P. stapfiana Bor and P. stapfiana var. micranthera (Stapf.) Bor are lectotypified here from original material for their precise application.

Sedum japonicum Siebold ex Miq. is a species widely distributed in East Asia and has been subdivided into four subspecies and one variety. Molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons in recent studies suggested that S. japonicum subsp. uniflorum H.Ohba, which is distributed from southern Kyushu to the Ryukyu Archipelago, and S. japonicum subsp. boninense (Yamam. ex Tuyama) H.Ohba, which is endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, should be treated as an independent species. Consequently, Sedum boninense Yamam. ex Tuyama is the correct name for subsp. boninense at species rank. As S. uniflorum Hook. & Arn. is a later homonym and S. sasakii Hayata which was treated as a synonym of subsp. uniflorum which is newly considered to be a synonym of S. japonicum subsp. oryzifolium (Makino) H.Ohba, I propose Sedum ryukyuense Takuro Ito as the new name for S. japonicum subsp. uniflorum.

Spirographa pyramidalis (Etayo) Flakus, Etayo & Miadl. (Spirographaceae, Ascomycota), a lichenicolous fungus, is reported as new to Japan.

Mylia anomala (Hook.) Gray (Myliaceae) is recorded from Ozegahara mire, Gunma Pref. This is the first record of the species in Honshu, Japan. Some distinguishing characteristics of the specimens of Honshu are compared with those of the species of Hokkaido, Japan.

Cryptogramma stelleri (S.G.Gmel.) Prantl (Pteridaceae) is newly recorded from Hidakacho, Hidaka Subpref., central Hokkaido, Japan. This plant was found to grow on the shaded side of a limestone cliff at Mt. Futamatadake.

We discovered a new locality of Codonacanthus pauciflorus (Nees) Nees (Acanthaceae) from Ito-shi, Shizuoka Pref., Japan. As there was no record of distribution from nearby areas, we consider that this species has immigrated into the locality recently.

Chamaele Miq. (Umbelliferae) has been accepted in the floras of Japan, but is included in Aegopodium L. based on recent results of molecular phylogenetic analyses. Of five infraspecific taxa of Chamaele decumbens (Thunb.) Makino recorded, f. flabellifoliolata Y.Kimura and f. gracillima (H.Wolff) Sugim. are newly adopted as valid and combined with A. decumbens (Thunb.) Pimenov & Zakharova in this paper.

Development and growth of axillary buds on the rhizomes of Lysichiton camtschatcensis (L.) Schott (Araceae) were observed in Sendai and Nikko, Japan. It was confirmed that the axillary buds were formed at the axil of the first (lower) leaf of the diphyllous sympodial units and some of them eventually grew to produce satellite rhizomes. It is noteworthy that, as the results of the elongation of the internodes, the main rhizome and satellite smaller rhizomes are connected with slender stolons.

We collected Silene harae Nakai (Caryophyllaceae) at steep cliffs and narrow valleys in Sōunkyō, Hokkaido, Japan, for the first time in 90 years. Judging from the habitat, S. harae is not an alien species, but a native and endemic to the central Hokkaido, although it has been claimed to be a possible alien species from 1960s.

We discovered Poa glauca Vahl sensu lato (Poaceae) at Mt. Chubetsudake and Mt. Choyozan in Daisetsuzan Mountains as a new record in Hokkaido, Japan. Although two varieties are currently recognized within the species in Japan, we could not identify it as either of them because collected specimens showed continuous morphological variations between them. This species in Hokkaido grew in brittle, rocky or gravel area.

Micranthes nelsoniana (D.Don) Small var. tateyamensis (H.Ohba) S.Akiyama & H.Ohba is a red-listed plant, growing on rocky slopes in the central high mountains in Honshu, Japan with the elevation around 3000 m. In this study, this variety was studied cytologically for the first time. The chromosome number was counted to be 2n = 99–104, which was the highest number ever reported for M. nelsoniana. Because of the rarity and cytological uniqueness, status of M. nelsoniana var. tateyamensis is suggested to be evaluated separately from M. nelsoniana var. reniformis in the red list of the Ministry of Environment, Japan.

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. (Araliaceae) is reported as a new record for the flora of Nepal.