Using data from the YCS (Youth Cohort Study for England and Wales) - a national panel survey on youth transition from school to work - a statistical analysis is carried out in order to investigate changes in youth labour markets, and to the roles and functions of further education colleges after compulsory education as vocational pathways to employment. The paper finds that over the last decade, youth labour markets have significantly shifted from middle to lower levels in the occupational distribution, and have also been characterised by a trend towards greater casualisation and insecurity in employment, with a particular expansion of part-time and temporary jobs and jobs without training. Against this change in youth labour markets, further education colleges have encouraged more and more young people to stay on in education including higher education. At the same time, the evidence suggests that vocational education and qualifications remain to have important effects for young people who intend to enter the labour market by the age of 18: notably reducing the risk of being engaged in part-time and temporary employment and jobs without training, as well as reducing the chances of unemployment.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the development of work values in France in the 1880s-1910s, with a focus on "vocational guidance" (orientation professionnelle) offered in elementary schools. Initially, teachers provided vocational guidance through technical education subjects like "Handicraft" (Travail manuel), but this put too much emphasis on academic subjects like geometry to play the expected role. What served as vocational guidance, however, was learning about the industry, occupation, and labor in the subject "Reading" (Lecture). The author analyzed the textbook, The Tour of France by Two Children (Le Tour de la France par Deux Enfants) to elucidate the practice. It was revealed that the development of work values was attempted through four approaches: 1. professional understanding, 2. acquisition of the custom of working, 3. guidance of school attendance, and 4. development of patriotic and vocational ethics. This study indicates that these approaches seem very significant considering the period when the activities in the preparation for students' professional lives after graduation were not carried out anywhere else.

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This thesis tries to arrange and summarize educational practice of "Wheelchair production activity" for about 20 years of the author, and to propose the development possibility of the curriculum in the subject related to the industry in the future from the standpoint of the teacher of a technical high school. Recently, aging advances more and more in our country. The aspect of the social life is expected to change greatly. It becomes a problem with important social participation that the young people use the approach on aging of the society and a universal design of society and industrial technology.

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