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Akio NAKAGAWA, Takeo YAMAGUCHI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
1-8
Published: May 01, 1991
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In the southeastern part of Japan, soybean southern blight caused by
Corticium rolfsii Curzi is one of the most serious diseases that cause large reductions in soybean yield in the fields converted from paddy fields. However, there is no resistant cultivar available for practical use. Furthermore, no chemicals, except for the soil fumigants, have been registered for the control of soybean southern blight.
We conducted screening experiments, from 1987 to 1990, on possible effects of fungicides on the disease.Registered fungicides, which have been used for the control of southern blight diseases of some vegetables and rice sheath blight, were examined for inhibitory effects on mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of the pathogens and also for ability to control the disease in fields infected with the causal fungus.
Flutolanil and mepronil had an inhibitory effect on both mycelial growth and disease development. Flutolanil was superior in the control of the disease and was more stable than mepronil. Flutolanil had both strong protective and therapeutic effects against soybean southern blight. These effects were fairly durable. In addition, there was no phytotoxicity caused by flutolanil to soybean plants.
The following application methods of flutolanil are recommended. The optimum time for the application is the period just before earthing-up of soybean plants, and flutoranil wettable powder (50%) diluted 1,000 or 2,000 times with water. The solution should be applied at a rate of 120 liter per 10 a.
Although flutolanil is not yet registered as a fungicide for the control of soybean southern blight, the above-mentioned application method will be practical when the chemical is registered in the near future.
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Kimiharu INAGAKI, Eiichi FUJITA, Hiromichi KUSAKA, Takuo ADACHI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
9-13
Published: May 01, 1991
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The outbreak of rice sclerotial diseases caused by
Rhizoctonia and
Sclerotiurn in paddy fields was investigated 5-6 times at intervals of 6-14 days from the heading stage to the full-ripe stage of the plants. Sheath blight caused by
R. solani Kühn (AG 1) was found to nearly stop developing by the milkripe stage. On the other hand, sclerotial diseases caused by
S. fumigatum Nakata and
S. oryzae-sativae Sawada were found to increase markedly from the milk-ripe stage. The same survey of sclerotial disease included 620 maturing rice hills in 6 paddy fields, each containing 50-140 hills, and also 115 hills collected from different parts of Aichi Prefecture. Results indicated that one of the sclerotial diseases is generally limited to one hill. However, the sclerotial disease caused by
S. hydrophilum Saccardo tended to occur simultaneously with the other sclerotial disease. In the case of the occurrence of two sclerotial diseases i. e., sheath blight and some other sclerotial disease within a hill, it was assumed that the latter occurred in a hill already infested with the former disease fungus.
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Ken-o OKAYAMA, Tomohiko NAKANO, Toshihiro HAGIHARA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
15-19
Published: May 01, 1991
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Seven isolates of
Glomerella cingulata (
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) causing strawberry anthracnose obtained in Nara Prefecture and six isolates obtained from laboratories outside of Nara, were examined for their sensitivity to benomyl. Two of the isolates from Nara and four of the isolates from other districts were less sensitive to benomyl than the other isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the compound were above 2,000 ppm.
Subsequently, strawberry plants were artificially inoculated either with resistant isolate or a sensitive isolate, and the effects of pefurazoate were compared with bemomyl. Soaking in pefulazoate had a highly protective effect on the plants inoculated with either type of isolates, and was more effective than spraying and dripping. Pefulazoate (1,000 ppm and 400 ppm) was also more effective than benomyl (500 ppm).
Compared with sensitive ones, the resistant isolates were poor in their ability to produce disease symptoms.
When strawberry plants were naturally infected with anthracnose fungus, soaking in pefulazoate (1,000 ppm) or in pyrifenox (50 ppm) for each 5 min. was effective as soaking in benomyl.
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Isamu SAKO, Takeshi OSAKI, Wataru NAKASONE, Tadao INOUYE
1991 Volume 33 Pages
21-28
Published: May 01, 1991
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Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) isolates detected from rakkyo plants were analyzed. The diseased rakkyo had yellow mosaic laminae, especially at the basal to the middle part during September to November. The yellow mosaic symptoms were observed in 1.4-8.0% of the rakkyo plants in the field. Immunosorbent electron microscopy and Dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) revealed that TMV and garlic latent virus (GLV) were associated with the disease; however, onion yellow dwarf virus, or leek yellow stripe virus was not detected in those plants. The TMV isolates were mechanically transmitted to 19 species out of 27 species tested. Mild systemic mosaic appeared in
Nicotiana tabacurn and necrotic local lesions in
N. glutinosa or
Phaseolus vulgaris. The thermal inactivation point for crude sap was 80-85°C for 10 minutes, the dilution end point was 10
-6-10
-7 and the longevity was more than 30 days at room temperature. The TMV particles were rigid rods of
ca. 300 nm long. A partially purified preparation strongly reacted with antisera of OM, tomato and the rakkyo strain of TMV in immunodiffusion test, and no spurs were observed among the precipitin lines. The virus was recovered from rakkyo plants grown in soil containing virus particle. The virus alone induced no symptoms in rakkyo; however, the virus mixed with GLV caused yellow mosaic symptoms on newly developed leaves. From these results we concluded that the virus was a strain of TMV and that it causes yellow mosaic symptoms on rakkyo with the mixed infection of GLV. We propose the name“yellow mosaic”of rakkyo for this mixed infection. TMV in rakkyo plants were detectable by DIBA to 10
-4 dilution, using a TMV antiserum diluted to 1/2,000 as the first antiserum. Since the virus was more concentrated in the scaly bulbs than in the symptomless leaves of diseased plants, the bulbs should be examined for the detection of TMV in otherwise symptomless rakkyo plants.
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Toshiro KATAYAMA, Keishiro SUETOMI, Hiroaki OHNISHI, Dai OKADA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
29-32
Published: May 01, 1991
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Two estimation methods of rice sheath blight severity, Yoshimura's method and Hashiba's method, were compared in 6 fields during different years in different regions, with different cultivars of rice plants and with or without the application of a fungicide.
The sheath blight severity of the 6 fields as estimated by Hashiba's method highly correlated with that by Yoshimura. It was concluded that Hashiba's method can be substituted for Yoshimura's to estimate rice sheath blight severity with less time and labor, and it is applicable for field tests of fungicides for sheath blight control.
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Tsutomu KITAGAWA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
33-37
Published: May 01, 1991
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The damage to
Eucharis grandiflora (or Amazon Lily) bulbs by root mites was investigated. The root mite
Phizoglyphus echinopus invades only from the upper part of a bulb's scale during the cold season, from November to March, and eats it. In this case, even if it is transplanted to the body of a healthy scale, no eating damage will be spread there from. However, root mite will have higher activities as the air temperature rises from 20°C to 30°C, as during the spring to summer season, resulting in laying eggs. The hatching of baby mites was observed in the caves of bulb from female mites that had eaten deeply with the bulbs. This phenomenon is not viviparity which previously had been thought to be the case. Rather, it is viviparity of root mites which is a new finding. Further research of this phenomenon is needed.
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Toshitsugu OKADA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
39-44
Published: May 01, 1991
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Eggs, larvae and pupae of the diamondback moth
Plutella xylostella were sampled weekly in a cabbage field in Mie Pref. in 1988 and reared in the laboratory to determine the mortality factors of each stage. Seasonal prevalence of
P. xylostella adults was investigated by a synthetic sex pheromone trap. The “increasing period” was discovered to be from mid-April to early June and the “decreasing period” from late June to late July. In the increasing period, the mortality rates for the immature stages caused by parasitoids were low. However, the mortality rates were considerably high in the decreasing period. The rates of parasitism by the larval parasitoid,
Apanteles plutellae, and the pupal parasitoid,
Diadromus collaris, were high from mid-June to mid-July, when the host was prevalent. They are specific parasitoids of
P.xylostella. The rate of parasitism by the egg parasitoid,
Trichogramma chilonis, became high after late June when the host began to decline in prevalence. A high rate of parasitism by
Tetrastichus sokolowskii, a larval-pupal parasitoid, was observed after late July, when the host was less prevalent.
T. chilonis and
T. sokolowskii are polyphagous parasitoids with very wide host range, and the former is a facultative gregarious and the latter is gregarious and a facultative hyperparasitoid. Thus, four parasitoid species, each of which has different attributes such as suitable host stages and active periods, may act as important factors for controlling
P.xylostella population in summer.
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Hisashi SHIKATA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
45-49
Published: May 01, 1991
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To effectively select succeeding crops or rotation crops for controlling bacterial wilt caused by
Pseudomonas solanacearum, the behavior of
P.solanacearum in the rhizospheres was investigated.
1) The concentration of the causal bacterium increased in the rhizospheres when solanaceous plants were infected. However, the concentration of the causal bacterium did not increase after cultivating sweetcorn, sorghum, wheat, soybean, cabbage, squash or watermelon. It is of particular interest that cultivation of soybean reduced the concentration of the causal bacterium to the point where it could not be detected.
2) Spinach was infected with
P. solanacearum. The percentages of infection to spinach increased when the air temperature was high. Differences in the susceptibility of spinach to the strains of the causal bacterium could not be clearly determined but it was infected by all of them.
The effective selection of rotation crops to prevent bacterial wilt may be possible as a result of this study on the behavior of pathogenic bacterium in the rhizosphere.
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Kazumi IRIE
1991 Volume 33 Pages
51-52
Published: May 01, 1991
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Yoshiharu ISOGAWA, Tetsuji HIRANO
1991 Volume 33 Pages
53
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Hiroshi TAKAKI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
54
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Tsutomu FUKUNISHI, Tadashi OKUMURA, Yoshitaka KOSAKA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
55-56
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Yoshihiko MASUDA, Hiromi IEMURA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
57-58
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Itsuo TANAHASHI, Shoko SHINODA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
59
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Takunobu KYUNO, Kaoru GOHDA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
60
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Toshio YAMAMOTO, Kazuhisa HIROSE, Keisi MIKI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
61-62
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Kaneo NATSUMI, Yosio YUKAWA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
63-64
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Masayuki TOGAWA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
65-66
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Mamoru SATOU, Yasuaki HAGIWARA, Masayoshi ISHII, Fumiyoshi FUKUMOTO
1991 Volume 33 Pages
67-68
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Takio ICHITANI, Hideki NAGAOKA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
69-70
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Tomohiko NAKANO, Motokazu TANIGAWA, Toshihiro HAGIHARA, Ken-o OKAYAMA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
71-72
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Takashi TANAKA, Kazumi IRIE, Hideyuki UEDA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
73-74
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Masahiro FUSE, Kanji SHIMIZU
1991 Volume 33 Pages
75-76
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Kou SHIMAZU, Masaki OGAWA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
77
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Ken-o OKAYAMA, Toshihiro HAGIHARA, Tomohiko NAKANO, Motokazu TANIGAWA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
78
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Tatsuya UCHIYAMA, Akira TOMIKAWA, Shinzi YAMADA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
79-80
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Masatoshi SHINTANI, Kimiko MATSUMOTO, Yoshio MIYATA, Tsutomu FUKUNISHI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
81-82
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Tadashi OKUMURA, Atsuo TANAKA, Tatsuya INADA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
83
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Noriyuki MIYAKE, Masaaki KATOU, Shigeki YAMASHITA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
84
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Masanori YAMAMOTO, Atushi KONDO
1991 Volume 33 Pages
85-86
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Tetsuro SHINODA, Hidekazu ITO, Masaharu MATSUI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
87-88
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Yosio YUKAWA, Hirokazu OHASHI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
89-90
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II. Relation between fluctuation of caught and emerged flies.
Satoshi FUJII, Toshihiro SUNAIKE, Hiroshi TANAKA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
91-92
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Masaharu MATSUI, Takehiko NAKASHIMA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
93-94
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Masahiro TAIRA, Hideyuki ICHIHASHI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
95-96
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Satoshi KONO, Kunitaka IMAI, Toshiharu HIROSE, Jyunya YASE
1991 Volume 33 Pages
97-98
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Yusuke FUJITA, Kunitaka IMAI, Tadanori KAWASE, Katsuaki OHBA, Takeo IS ...
1991 Volume 33 Pages
99-100
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Toshiharu HIROSE, Jyunya YASE, Hisanori TANAKA, Satoshi KONO, H. ARAKI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
101-102
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Tetsu ASAYAMA, Lilia CAMARGO, A. Seiichi URASHIMA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
103-104
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Motokazu TANIGAWA, Masateru INOUE, Etuji NISHIYAMA, Tadashi MORIOKA, S ...
1991 Volume 33 Pages
105-106
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Akinobu NAKANO, Sadahiko YANO
1991 Volume 33 Pages
107
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Yoshitsugu NASU, Hiroshi TANAKA, Tadashi TAKAHARA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
109-110
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Shigehiro KODOMARI, Atushi YAMAMOTO
1991 Volume 33 Pages
111-112
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Masatoshi MOCHIZUKI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
113-114
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Hiromichi NAKAJIMA, Jun KATAYAMA, Koji SANO
1991 Volume 33 Pages
115
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Wataru NAKASONE, Shin-ichi KUSAKARI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
116
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Hiroshi TANAKA, Yutaka KIMURA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
117-118
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-Survival period of the adults reared on distilled water under various temperatures.
Kenji KOYAMA, Masaharu MATSUI
1991 Volume 33 Pages
119-120
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Katutiyo AZUMA, Sadahiko YANO, Akihiro NOBATA, Tadao NISIYAMA
1991 Volume 33 Pages
121-122
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Minoru MIYASONO, Makiko YAMAMOTO, Kunitaka IMAI, Katsuaki OHBA, Takeo ...
1991 Volume 33 Pages
123-124
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