[in Japanese]

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In accordance with the trend of the development of natural science during the 17th century a tendency appeared during the 18th and 19th century of applying the method of natural science also to the field of pedagogy. In West Germany the method of positive scientific research was introduced in the 1960es as “empirical-ana-lytic science”. During the 70es a group of German educational scholars who originally belonged to the so-called geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik (philosophical pedagogy) started to apply the “empirical-analytic method” to education. One of the most outstanding characteristics of their method is the attempt to found their views on the “critical theory” initiated by Horkheimer (1895-1973) of the “Frankfurt School”. This type of research issued into a new school of thought in pedagogy called “Handlungsforschung” (action research).

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