JSM Mycotoxins

Aflastatin A, a new metabolite from Streptomyces that inhibits the biosynthesis of aflatoxin

Makoto ONO, Shouhei SAKUDA

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 1-7
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.1

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Paralytic Shellfish Poison Toxification of bivalves, in Association with Appearance of Alxandrium catenella in Hamanako, Shizuoka Prefecture

Hiroko NARITA, Sinya NAKAMURA, Tutomu KUBOTA, Kanji SUGIYAMA, Tomoko K ...

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 9-14
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.9

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In September, 1996, paralytic toxicity was detected incultured oyster Crassostrea gigas and short necked clam Tapes japonica from Hamanako, Shizuoka, Prefecture concomitantry with the apperance of the toxic dinofragellata Alexandrium catenella. The toxicities were 7.9 MU/g for oyster and 10.2 MU/g for short necked clam. The toxin of the bivalves in Hamanako was found to be comprised GTX₂ and GTX₃ as major component.

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Toxicity and composition of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) of toxificated bivalves in Ibaraki, Japan

Ritsuko MURAKAMI, Kazunori YAMAMOTO, Tamao NOGUCHI

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 15-18
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.15

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Paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) infestation to bivalves due to toxic dinofllagate such as Alexandrium spp. has posed some serious problem on public health and fishery industry. Although their PSP infestation cannot be predicted completely, their PSP monitoring programs have been carried out to protect the consumer and the rear-farmer, from food poisoning and fishery damage, respectively, by the concerning prefectural agency. Therefore, three species of bivalves (mussel Mytilus edulis, hard clam Meretrix lamarckii, surf clam Pseudocardium sachalinensis) in Ibaraki were investigated on their toxicity and PSP composition, from 1990 to 1998 and for four successive years from 1993 to 1996 as well as in 1998, respectively. Further, in order to elucidate their toxification and detoxification mechanisms, the toxicity and PSP composition were investigated using anatomical parts of clams.

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Cell bioassay-a trial to develop new assay system for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSPs) and ciguatoxins, and comparison with other newly developed assays for PSPs.

Fumiko KASUGA

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 19-23
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.19

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Monitoring programs for marine toxins in seafood were limited in large part to mouse bioassays in many countries. However, these assays were criticized from the viewpoints of animal welfare, cost, sensitivity, and efforts required for the assays. It is now clear that replacement of the assay would be desirable. Efforts are being made to develop new methods to replace or to complement mouse bioassays. Cell bioassay, one of those alternative assays, is reviewed here comparing with other methods.

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Food Poisoning with Grand Keyhole Limpet

Kayo DOI, Syuji SATOH

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 25-27
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 17, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.25

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[in Japanese]

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Sea-food poisoning caused by brevetoxins in New Zealand

Hitoshi ISHIDA, Kuniro TSUJI

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 29-31
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.29

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A new polyether marine toxin, brevetoxin B₁ and known brevetoxin, PbTx-3, were isolated from the New Zealand shellfish cockle, Austrovenus stutchbu'yi and brevetoxin B₁ was elucidat-ed by comparison of its spectral data with those of brevetoxins B and use of NMR techniques. PbTx-2 and 3 were isolated from oyster, Crassostrea gigas, harvested in 1993 at Tiki Road, Coromandel Peninsula, and PbTx-3 also isolated from oysters collected at Rangaunu Harbour in February 1994 and June 1995.

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Inspection of marine toxins at Kawasaki City (From 1988 to 1997)

Etuo MORI

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 33-35
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.33

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Mycotoxin production profiles of the genus Penicillium fungi, isolated from the various environments.

Anatoly G. Kozlovsky, Ol'ga E. Marfenina, Natali G. Vinokurova, Valent ...

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 37-43
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.37

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Using spectral and chromatography methods mycotoxin production profiles were exanlined for 19 strains of 12 species of the genus Penicillium fungi. The mycotoxin profiles of the fungi, belonging to P. aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum. P. granulatum, P. spinulosum and P. vulpinum species, which were isolated from the various environments at various times, are differed from those, described earlier. Isolates of P. chrysogenum, P. griseofulvum and P. vulpinum produce the alkaloid nature mycotoxins, which were characteristic for these species. Mycofoxins were not detected in P glabrum, P. dangeardii and P. funiculosum species.

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Studies on the induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and its metabolites in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells

ISLAM Zahidul, Jinsei OTO, Masahiro NAGASE, Takumi YOSHIZAWA, Nobuo SA ...

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 45-51
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.45

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The objective of this study is to investigate the structural basis of apoptosis-inducing activity of T-2 toxin in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. DNA fragmentation pattern in gel electrophoresis and quantitative DNA assay were used to examine the apoptosis-inducing ability of T-2 and its metabolites. Of six kinds of mycotoxins tested, T-2 was found to be the most potent apoptotic agent. The rank order of the potency was T-2>HT-2 > 3'-OH-T-2=NEOS =3'-OH-HT-2=TOL=vehicle control. Since either hydroxylation of T-2 at carbon 3'(C-3') of isovaleryl group (3'-OH-T-2) or hydrolysis of T-2 at C-8 (NEOS) abrogated the apoptosis-inducing ability, it was suggested that intact isovaleryl group of T-2 molecule played an important role in induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells in vitro.

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Application of a modified minicolumn to detection of aflatoxins in corn

Rosario H. ARIM, Aida R. AGUINALDO, Takumi YOSHIZAWA

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 53-57
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.53

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A simple, rapid and economical minicolumn packed with “lahar” (a local adsorbent material) and Florisil, previously developed for aflatoxins in copra meal, was adopted for corn. In minicolumn experiments for corn, the efficiency of two extraction solvent systems : methanol-4% KCI solution (90+10) and methanol-water (90+10) and of two clarifying agents : 10% CuSO₄ and 30% (NH₄)₂SO₄ solutions, was evaluated. The modified minicolumn method using methanol-water (90+10) and 10% CuSO₄ solution gave a distinct aflatoxin-derived blue fluorescent band in the Florisil layer under UV light, and was estimated to be applicable to corn at the detection limit of 5 μg/kg of aflatoxin.

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Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype of aflatoxin B₁-induced rat hepatoma cells by the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene

Akinori SUGIYAMA, Mikiya SUDA, Eiko MITSUYAMA, Minoru IWATSU, Kenta MA ...

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 59-71
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: February 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.59

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The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product, RB protein, is a negative regulator of cell growth and antagonizes c-Myc oncoprotein. We have previously reported that the c-myc gene expression is aberrantly elevated in rat hepatocellular carcinomas induced by aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). In this paper, to elucidate the significance of the overexpression of c-myc gene in AFB₁ hepatocarcinogenesis, we analyzed the effects of a human RB cDNA expression vector, pSV2·RB, on the growth and tumorigenicity of Kagura-2 (K2) cells, which have been established from AFB₁-induced rat hepatoma and overexpressing c-myc gene just as an original tumor. Even though any effects of exogeneous expression of RB gene on the transcriptional levels of c-myc and glutathione-S-transferase P (GST-P) genes were not detected, pSV2·RB-transfected K2 cells significantly reduced the ability to form colonies in semi-solid medium, and their growth rate was markedly decreased in a lower concentration of serum. Moreover, tumors that formed by the transfectants in nude mice were much smaller, but were histologically indistinguishable from those of parental K2 cells. These results indicate that the enforced expression of RB gene suppresses the growth of K2 cells in vitro and in vivo without any effects on the expression level of c-myc mRNA.

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A case report on contamination of zearalenone, fumonisins and 8-ketotrichothecenes possibly including iso-deoxynivalenol in moldy corn harvested in Korea

Hwang-Bae SOHN, Yin-Won LEE, Moon-Han LEE, Takumi YOSHIZAWA

1999 Volume 1999 Issue 48 Pages 73-77
Published: January 31, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1999.73

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Five moldy corn samples were analyzed for Fusarium mycotoxins including 8-ketotrichothecenes, zeralenone (ZEA), and fumonisins and found to be heavily contaminated with these toxins. Among 8-ketotrichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyl-DON, and nivalenol (NIV) were the major toxins rather than 3-acetyl-DON and 4-acetyl-NIV. In addition, one moldy corn sample was contaminated with iso-DON, which has the same molecular weight of DON. This is the first report iso-DON and DON as well as other Fusarium mycotoxins were occurred in moldy corn from Korea.

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