JSM Mycotoxins

Toxicity of natural blooms and Microcystis species

Makoto SHIRAI

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 3-5
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.3

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Biochemical studies of rice phytoalexins

Osamu KODAMA

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 7-11
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.7

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Regulation of mycotoxins in Japan

Yukinobu NAKAMURA

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 13-14
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.13

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Official analytical methods of mycotoxins in Japan

Yoshihiro SHISHIDO

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 15-16
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.15

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Mycotoxins contamination in feeds in Japan

Eiichi ISHIGURO

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 17-18
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.17

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Mycotoxicoses of domestic animals in Japan and foreign countries

Kouichi HIRANO

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 19-21
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.19

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Feeding studies of ammoniated aflatoxin contaminated maize to broiler, swine and dairy cattle

Hiroko NORIZUKI, Masatosi MINAMISAWA, Teizou SUGIMOTO, Masaru MANABE

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 23-29
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.23

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Detection of mycotoxins in feeds by immunological methods

Osamu KAWAMURA

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 31-33
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.31

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Immunological methods are now widely used for screening and quantification of mycotoxins in cereals and foods. While, in feeds, there are few reports on immunoassays for screening and no quantitative methods have been developed. These facts suggest that one of the general advantages of immunoassay, direct application to the crude extract, does not work in the case of feed samples. This means that too much impurities that interfere the immunoreactions are contained in feeds and some clean up steps will be required for immunoassay for feeds. As of now, the immunoaffinity chromatography is probably most suitable for this purpose.

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Analysis of cell death induced by sodium 5, 6-benzylidene-ascorbate in rat hepatoma Kagura-2 cells

Naoyuki IIDA, Ayano MURAKAMI, Toshiki MIYAZAKI, Koichiro OHTSUBO, Muts ...

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 35-49
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.35

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Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma Kagura-2 cells overexpress c-myc oncogene, which has been implicated in both cell proliferation and apoptosis. To gain an insight into the molecular mechanism of AFB₁ hepatocarcinogenesis, Kagura-2 cell death induced by an anticancer agent, sodium 5, 6-benzylideneascorbate (SBA), was studied. The dying cells showed typical characteristics of apoptosis such as nuclear fragmentation, chromosomal condensation and DNA fragmentation by internucleosomal cleavage. The apoptotic death was inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide (CHX), suggesting the requirement for new protein synthesis. However, the induction of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent endonuclease activities and the alteration of c-myc gene expression in SBA-induced apoptosis were hardly detected. In addition, SBA-induced apoptosis was markedly suppressed by dexamethasone (DEX), insulin and P3 fraction, which was separated from the conditioned medium of Kagura-2 cells (K2CM) by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and could stimulate Kagura-2 cell growth. P3 fraction also inhibited DNA fragmentation of Kagura-2 cells induced by serum deprivation. These results suggest that SBA induces apoptosis through the interference with the function of growth/survival factors acting in an autocrine and/or a paracrine mechanism or their signal transduction pathways. It is also possible that growth/survival factors play a critical role in the multistep hepatocarcinogenesis of AFB₁ together with the deregulated expression of c-myc oncogene.

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Effects of deoxynivalenol on Salmonella enteritidis infection

Yukiko HARA-KUDO, Yoshiko SUGITA-KONISHI, Fumiko KASUGA, Susumu KUMAGA ...

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 51-55
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.51

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The effect of deoxynivalenol (DON) on Salmonella enteritidis infection was investigated in male Balb/c mice. Mice were given water containing 2 ppm DON or no toxin for 3 weeks. DON did not affect body weight and the spleen and liver weight. Mice were intubated with S. enteritidis (3×10⁶ CFU) at 2 weeks of the experiment, and then enumeration of bacteria in the liver, spleen and mesentric lymph nodes (MLN) was examined for 1 week. Salmonellae increased more rapidly in the MLN and liver of the DON-treated mice than in those of the DON-untreated mice. Salmonella counts in the spleen were highter in the DON-treated mice than in untreated mice (p<0.05). These results indicate that drinking of 2 ppm DON reduces resistance to peroral infection of S. enteritidis, presumably by inhibiting the cell-mediated immune function.

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Cytotoxic effects of rubratoxin B on cultured cells

Hitoshi NAGASHIMA

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 57-61
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.57

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The cytotoxicity of rubratoxin B was studied in human hepatoma cell HepG2, human uterine tumor cell HeLa and mouse ascites tumor cell Ehrlich. Exposure to rubratoxin B resulted in the cultured cells to be shrunk, and their volumes reduced. The inhibitory dose 50% (ID₅₀) of the water soluble tetrazolium-1 assay (Wst-1; measurement of the activity of mitochondrial enzyme) were 2-to 3.6-fold of those of bromo-deoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU ; measurement of the activity of replication). Rubratoxin B did not affect the cell cycle, but brought about a dose-dependent increase of degraded chromosomal DNA. The reduction of cell volume and the degradation of chromosomal DNA may indicate that the toxicity of rubratoxin B is the consequence of apoptosis.

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Development of highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for fumonisins, and its application for contaminated corn

Kazuyuki IIJIMA, Osamu KAWAMURA, D.-S. WANG, Masaru MANABE, Kenji TANA ...

1996 Volume 1996 Issue 42 Pages 63-66
Published: January 31, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1996.63

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Novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) were prepared and applied to an indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA). BC6F1 female mice were immunized with a FB₁-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate (FB₁-KLH). Trials of cell fusion yielded four hybridomas secreting mAb reactive with fumonisins (FB₁-1, 2, 3, 4). FB₁-2 mAb showing the highest reactivity to FB₁ was used to construct an ic-ELISA. The detection limit was 0.2 ng FB₁/ml in buffer solution. The relative cross-reactivities to FB₂ and FB₃ were 224% and 72% of FB₁, respectively. Corn powder was firstly extracted with methanol-water (3 : 1), and the extract diluted with PBS (100 times) was directly applied to the ELISA. The recoveries of FB₁ from corn spiked in range of 100-800 ppb FB₁ were averaged to 88.4%. Corn samples (n=39) from China and Vietnam were analyzed for fumonisins by the present ic-ELISA, along with HPLC analysis, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.8. The detection limit of FB₁ in this novel ELISA method combined with the one-step extraction procedure was 80 ppb, which is 10-60 fold lower than the ELISA previously repoted with anti-FB₁ mAb.

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