Air containing SO₂ gas of about 1, 10 and 100 ppm under various humidities was contacted with fly ashes of oil and coal combustion, and smoke particles emitted from a coal stove.
The amount of SOX adsorbed on the oil combustion fly ash is in agreement with those obtained by Tartalleri et al. and Liberti et al. On the other hand, Haury et al. gave much higher adsorption probably because they tested fly ashes of high heavy metal content. Our analysis also revealed that high SO₂ sticking coefficient given by Judeikis et al. is due to their false assumption in their derivation of SO₂ adsorption on the particles.
It is also found that the rate of production of SO₄^2- on the surface of atmospheric fly ash and soot particles at relative humidities below 80% is too low to be significant in air chemistry.

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Surveys of the respiratory symptoms were useful to estimate of health effects caused by air pollution. We investigated relationship between salivary immunoglobulins and respiratory symptoms in order to study on the local immunity.
When the school children awoke in the morning, samples of whole saliva (saliva) were collected. After the centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 min, the supernatan fluids ofindividual specimens were separated and concentrations of albumin, immunoglobulin A and G IgA, Ig G were measured by single radial immunodiffusion method, and total protein (T. P) were measured by Lowry's method. The health status of each subject was assesed by the use of a ATS-DLD questionaire. The subjects were devided into healthy subjects and sujects complaining of respiratory symptoms, such as persistentcough (PC), persistent phlegm (PP), wheezing (Wh), asthmatoid symptom (AS), remission of asthmatoid symptoms (Ras), and history of respiratory diseases (Hd) by use of the health survey questionaire.
We obtained the following results.
1. Concentrations of IgA in saliva of PP-subjects were higher than the healthy subjects. But, concentrations of IgA of the Wh-subjects and As-subjects were lower than the healthy subjects. Persentages of IgA to T. P (IgA/T. P) of the Wh-subjects and As-subjects were decreased significantly compaired with healthy subjects.
2. In the As_4-subjects, who were frequently ill in bed for more than three days with respiratory diseases such as common cold in three years, concentrations of IgA and ratios of IgA/T. P in saliva were decreased significantly compaired with the other complaiants and healthy subjects.
3. In the Ras-subjects, concentrations of IgA and ratios of IgA/T. P were same as those in the healthy subjects.
These results suggest that the school children complaining of asthmatoid symptoms, especially As_4- subjects, were diminished in the ability of local immunity.

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Five methods of objective wind field analysis for estimating wind fields necessary for the simulation of atmospheric dispersion are selected. These are 1) Direct, 2) Variational calculus, 3) Fixed observed velocity, 4) Fixed vorticity and 5) Fixed momentum method and produce mass consistent wind fields.
Two-dimensional, vertically averaged wind fields within the mixed layer on the 20 km×20 km area of central Osaka prefecture are estimated by these methods and the comparative analysis is conducted.
It is found that the estimated wind fields are varied with the parameter describing the vertical wind component at the upper surface of mixed layer and that they can be very unreasonable in some cases.
The variational calculus method is proved to be one of the most flexible method that can be adaptable to wide range of wind field conditions, although this method has relatively large residual divergence and is more expensive in computaton cost than other methods.

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Mercury was discharged together with smoke and dust when municipal refuse were incinerated. The emissions of Hg were as follows:
(1) The emission factor of Hg changed with refuse components, but not changed with furnace forms.
(2) The contribution of Hg emission for combustible materials was about 5% in municipal refuse incineration.
(3) The emission of Hg was presumed to come from stuffs such as dry batteries, thermometers, and fluoresent tubes which were contained in the refuse.
Therefore, it seems that the elimination of these stuffs from the municipal refuse by separate collection prior to incineration can be effectively diminished the emission of Hg.

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A method was investigated for the determination of particulate and gaseous arsenic in the atmosphere at trace levels. The particulate arsenic was collected at two fractions, coarse particles (>1.5μm) and fine particles (<1.5μm), by two-stage Andersen impactor. The particulate arsenic could be sufficiently extracted with HNO₃/H₂O₂ without loss of arsenic. The gaseous arsenic was collected by an alkali filter impregnated with 10% polyethyleneimine and glycerol solution. The collection efficiency of gaseous arsenic by the alkali filter was 72% from the result of field test and two alkali filters in series could collect atmospheric gaseous arsenic more than 90%.
The particulate and gaseous arsenic was determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry combined with a trap of liquid nitrogen. This technique has a high sensitivity and good reproducibility for arsenic determination at ng levels, and the detection limit of arsenic was 0.2ng. In case of 40m³ air sampling volume, this analytical method allows arsenic in the atmosphere at 0.005μg/m³ to be determined.
This method was used to the measurement of particulate and gaseous arsenic in the atmosphere at Hiyoshi, Yokohama, from February to July, 1982. The average concentrations of arsenic compounds in the atmosphere were 1.9ng/m³ in coarse particles (>1.5μm), 4.7ng/m³ in fine particles (<1.5μn) and 0.02ng/m³ in gaseous arsenic. Therefore, most of arsenic in the atmosphere exsists in fine particles, and gaseous arsenic is 0.1-0.5% of total arsenic.

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For the specific gravity characterization of metal compounds in the atmosphere, samples including airborne particulate matter, urban dust and soil are fractionated into 12 specific gravity fractions from 1.3 to >3.3 using mixtures of dichloromethane and diiodomethane as flotation liquids and each separated fraction is then subjected to elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and so forth. Concentration profiles as a function of specific gravity appreciably differ one another among these samples. Metal compounds in soil generally predominate in specific gravity fractions of 2.7 and >3.3. On the other hand, the specific gravities of metal compounds in airborne particulate matter are substantially lower than those in soil. Metal compounds have their own characteristic patterns. The concentrations of Zn and Mn paricles collected using a low-volume sampler reach a maximum at specific gravity of 1.9 and then decrease with increasing specific gravity. The concentrations of Fe particles go through a maximum at specific gravity of 2.1 and another small maximum at specific gravity of >3.3. The sampler is installed with cyclones for the preliminary separation of particles larger than 10μm in aerodynamic diameter. Particles of high specific gravity may be removed by the cyclones. In hi-vol samples in which particles within the size range of 0.1 to 100μm diameter are collected ordinarily, the highest concentration of Fe particles is found in the highest (>3.3) fraction of specific gravity. The concentration profile of Mn also shows a slight maximum at the specific gravity of >3.3. However, the concentrations of these metal particles directly attributable to wind-blwn soil (specific gravity: 2.7) are low. The maximum is found at the specific gravity of 2.7 in the concentration profiles of Fe, Mn and Pb for urban dust collected from air-inlet filters of air conditioning system. This is probably because a significant amount of coarse soil particles are drawn by the high flow-rate blower and deposited on the filters.
Solubility tests to water and various organic solvents are also carried out as another approach to yield information on types of metal compounds in urban dust. Results indicate that metal compounds including Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, V and Mn have significant water solubilities. Comparison of specific gravity distributions of residual metal compounds remaining after ultrasonic extraction with various solvents reveals that particles below 2.3 in specific gravity are significantly soluble to organic solvents. It is also found that fine metal particles adhering to coarse silica particles (specific gravity: 2.7) are removed from the surface by the treatment with organic solvents which have high solvent strength parameters.
Consideration on specific gravity distributions of metal compounds in urban dusts treated with heat at various temperatures is also presented for further understanding of characteristics of urban dust

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A trace analytical method for determination of nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environmental samples was developed by using fused silica capillary column (FSCC) gas chromatography with a splitless injection system and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The columns used were a 5% phenylmethylsilicone (5% PMS) chemically bonded FSCC and a Carbowax 20M (PEG 20M) wall coated FSCC. Forty nitro-PAHs were efficiently separated by combined use of the two columns under the temperature programming operations. The relative retentions (min/min) of the nitro-PAHs relative to benzo (f) quinoline as an internal standard were used to identify many of the nitro-PAHs in the environmental samples since their coefficients of variation were less than 0.15%. The measurement of peak height with less than 5.6% coefficient of variation was useful in quantitative determination of the nitro-PAHs resolved. The nitrogen-phosphorus detector was a selective detector for the nitrogen-containing compounds. The detection limits of the nitro-PAHs, defined as S/N=2, were less than 1ng where most of the values were in the range 0.01-0.2ng. The proposed method could be successfully applied to the determination of the nitro-PAHs in airborne particulates. In airborne particulate samples, 10 nitro-PAHs, the nitre-derivatives of benzene, toluene, xylenes, and naphthalene, could be detected and quantified by use of 5% PMS and the PEG 20M FSCC, and 9 nitro-PAHs, the nitre-derivatives of anthracene, fluorene, diphenyl, pyrene, and chrysene, could be determined only by using the 5% PMS FSCC.

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A simple method was developed for the analysis of nicotine in indoor environment. This method consists of following procedures; collection of nicotine by a solid state sampling, addition of internal atandard (isoquinoline) to the sampling tube, ultrasonic extraction of nicotine and internal standard by an alkaline methylalcohol solution, and determination of nicotine by a gas chromatograph attached with a flame thermionic detector.
Solid state sampling was proved to give a high collection efficiency of 98.8±2.1% for nicotine. A ratio of desorption efficiency of nicotine to that of internal standard was 1.01±0.01. The use of internal standard was useful for obtaining high presicion in analysis and also for simplifying analytical procedure. It was also found that nicotine collected on the sampling tube was completely stable at least for 7 days in a dark room temperature and/or in a freezer at -20°C. Detection limit of nicotine was 4.5 pg at S/N=2. Thus, quantitative analysis of nicotine more than 0.30μg/m³ in indoor environment was realized by the present method.
This method was applied to the analysis of nicotine in air in rooms of our laboratory. Nicotine concentrations were ranged from 0.57 to 2.36μg/m³. Futhermore, the concentration in a lounge of the labratory was largely varied from 2.5 to 23μg/m³ time to time depending on the number of cigarettes smoked.

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The cascade impactors such as Andersen sampler have been used as a collection device for the determination of the particle size distribution of aerosols. However, it is known that the collection surface has a significant effect on the size distribution. The most important collection error is that associated with “bounce off” of particles from collection surface. In order to obtain the best choice of collection surfaces, comparison tests were made in field sampling of aerosols by using three Andersen impactors with different collection surfaces, simultaneously.
In the first test, polyethylene sheet, glass plate, and quartz fiber filter were used as the collection surfaces. Results of gravimetrical and elemental analyses showed that quarti fiber was the preferred collection surface.
In the second test, the two types of glass plates with paraffin and vaseline, and polyethylene sheet as a reference were used. The surfaces coated with paraffin and vaseline provided good collection efficiency, and prevented especially large particles loss by “bounce off”. Therefore, the effect of collection surfaces coated with paraffin and vaseline increased Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) values for each element in particles collected. For example, MMAD values of Na determined from three different collection surface, vaseline, paraffin coated glass plates and polyethylene sheet were 4.2, 3.3, and 2.1μm, respectively. It was shown that MMAD values varied greatly for each collection surface.
The results of two tests showed that Andersen impactor with sticky or soft collection surfaces should be used to obtain accurate particle size distribution.

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The influence on the air in Japan by Kosa phenomenon, a dust transportation from Asian continent to Japan, was investigated from the analytical results of airborne particles at eight stations of NASN (National Air Survey Network): Sapporo, Sendai, Niigata, Tokyo, Osaka, Kurashiki, Matsue and Omuta, during four years, January 1978 through March 1982. Airborne particles sampled by low volume sampler every month were analyzed by neutron activation method and X-ray fluorescence method, and 31 elements were measured.
Kosa phenomenon is often observed in April and May in Japan, and then atmospheric concentrations of Al and Sc, which are originated from soil, were 2-6 times higher than the annual average values, however, such seasonal variations with Al and Sc and Pb, were not observed with Ni, Br, Sb and pb, which are originated from anthropogic sources. The contribution of soil origin particles to airborne particles is usually 10-40% at eight stations of NASN, however it increased more than 50% in April and May when Kosa phenomenon was observed. These facts suggest that soil particles transported from Asian continent by Kosa phenomenon contributes strongly to airborne particles over Japan during spring. As the result of investigation of NASN data, it is considered that concentration of soil particles originated from Asian continent is 10-20 μg/m³ in April and May.

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