The impact of the emission of reduced-sulfur compounds into the atmosphere and the oxidation of those compounds in the atmosphere on the estimation of global sulfur cycle was reviewed. The major contents are as follows: importance of reduced-sulfur compounds in the atmosphere which was pointed out by the estimation of global sulfur budget and the sulfate enrichment in marine aerosols, field measurements of reduced-sulfur compounds, oxidation of organic sulfur compounds in air, modeling studies of atmospheric sulfur budget, and remaining problems.

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During the period from Nov. 1, 1982 to Oct. 31, 1983, rain water samples were collected in Nara city by volumetric fractional sampling of two groups, the early rain water (1-5 mm rainfall amount) and the succeeding rain water (6 mm-rainfall amount). And with respect to ten dissolved ions (H⁺, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Cl^-, F^-, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) in rain waters, the principal component analysis [PCA] and the multiple regression analysis [MRA] were carried out with two rain groups that were the early and succeeding rain waters.
As a result of PCA, the ionic components in the early and succeeding rain waters were able to characterize with two principal components (Z₁, Z₂). The first principal component Z₁ was considered to be a factor indicating the degree of synthetic pollution of rain waters and the second principal component Z_2- was a factor indicating the contribution of origins of ionic components in rain waters. The degree of synthetic pollution of rain waters and the contribution of origins of ionic components in rain waters of seasonal and volumetric fractional distinction were possible to evaluated by the use of these two principal components of Z₁ and Z₂. Each ionic component in the early rain water was roughly divided into two main groups of pcllutants originated from human work and/or formed from secondary products of atmospheric chemical reactions and pollutants originated from natural generation. On the other hand, each ionic component in the succeeding rain water was also roughly divided into three main groups of pollutants possessed intermediate property of two groups described above, in addition to these two groups. These matter was described by the use of structural model of rainfall that the early rain water was mainly brought about the washout and the succeeding rain water was rainout.
As a result of MRA, the ionic components affecting to H⁺ concentration in rain waters were estimated to be four ions i.e. SO₄^2- NO₃^-, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. It has become apparent that the ionic components acting to increase the H+ concentration were the order of NO₃^->SO₄^2- in the early rain water and SO₄^2->NO₃^-in the succeeding rain water. While the ionic components acting to decrease the H+ concentration were the order of Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺in the early rain water and NH₄⁺>Ca²⁺ in the succeeding rain water.

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Chemical states and acid-extractabilities of elements in airborne particulates were investigated with three samples which were collected in bag filters of air cleaners on the roofs of buildings in office, business, industrial districts. The samples were decomposed by ashing, HCl-HNO₃ or HNO₃-H₂O₂ mixed solution, hydrofluoric acid, and K₂S₂O₇-fusion. Many kinds of residues obtained by above treatments were subjected to heavy-liquid separation, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analyses, electron-probe microanalysis, etc. Most of sulfur existed as gypsum, and small amounts of organic sulfur compounds were presumed to exist in two samples from industrial and business districts. Most of chlorine existed as sodium chloride, and chlorine and bromine as organic compounds were also presumed to exist. Phosphorus was easily extractable. Significant quantities of many metallic elements were presumed to exist in the carbonaceous matter. Significant quantities of silicon, titanium, chromium, aluminum, potassium, and zirconium were found in the residues obtained by acid decomposition and ashing, which were 20 to 30% in the original samples. These elements were contained as quartz, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, corundum, rutile, zircon, etc. Succeeding HF-treatment and HC1-dissolution reduced the residue to <0.2%, in which some minerals such as chromite, spinel, ilmenite, etc., as well as corundum, rutile, and zircon, were found. These results suggest that the diversity of chemical state of many elements should be considered for their chemical analysis, and that the chemical treatment and heavy-liquid separation may allow the X-ray diffraction analysis of insoluble minerals.

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In order to predict the occurrence of photochemical smog, the statistical model for oxidant concentration was developed. According to the result of principal component analysis for 37 stations in Tokyo, it was found that total area in Tokyo can be covered by only one model. Two types of prediction models were developed and compared. One is based on the discriminant analysis and another is based on the multiple regression analysis. These models were constructed from the data of 1982 and validated by the data of 1981. Though result by multiple regression model is better as a whole. discriminant model is better for prediction of high concentration day.

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Parmelia tinctorum was fumigated for 48 hr with NO (0.18-0.56 ppm), NO₂ (0.20 ppm) and SO2 (0.1 ppm) singly and in combinations. And their chlorophyll contents, activities of catalase and peroxidase were assayed in comparison with those of the control.
The result were as follows:
(1) Single effect of NO
Activities of catalase and peroxidase slightly increased with NO singly fumigated, but both the change of chlorophyll content and visible injury of thallus were not found.
(2) Effect of NO combined
The decrease of peroxidase activity caused by NO2 alone was counteracted with NO combined. And the increase of the activity by SO₂ alone was accelerated in the combination of SO₂+NO.
The increase of catalase activity caused by NO₂ alone was counteracted with NO combined. And the decrease of the activity by SO₂ alone was also counteracted with NO.
Visible symptoms of damage were not found in any gas exposures.

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We devised techniques to continuously record heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of the conscious and unrestrained rats in order to study effects of environmental pollutant on the cardiac functions. Essentially, BP was measured by means of a polyethylene catheter which was inserted into the femoral artery, and HR was calculated from electrocardiogram which was recorded with chest bipolar lead. Operations to insert the catheter into the artery and attach the electrodes were done 1 day before the recordings, and rats could move freely in their cages during the recordings.
The following were observed in the rats of Wistar strain wiht these techniques:(1) Age difference was almost evident in HR, but not in BP, in normotensive rats of 4-28 weeks old, and evident in both HR and BP in spontaneously hypertensive rats of 4-16 weeks old.(2) Reproducibility of the measurements was fairly good within 3 days after the operation, although HR tended to slightly decrease.(3) HR and BP were found to be almost constant during 3-hr exposure to filtered air in an exposure chamber.(4) Anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium was found to produce profound effects of HR and BP.
We concluded from the above results that effects of environmental pollutants on the cardiac functions of rats should be studied in the unrestrained condition without the anesthesia, and the present techniques were suitable for such studies during short-time exposure. With these techniques, we preliminarily found the depressive effects of ozone of 1 ppm on HR and BP of the rats.

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It was observed, that NO was oxidized on the heating borosilicate glass (Pyrex) and the phenomenon was further enhanced in the presence of kerosene vapor, which consisted of mainly saturated hydrocarbons (C₇-C₁₆). The oxidation efficiency was increased with temperature and reached the maximum value at nearly 400°C, while it was monotonously increased with oxygen pressure.
These phenomena were also observed with the other reaction tubes, fused quartz and soda lime glass. The order of the reactivity is as follows, Pyrex>soda lime glass≥fused quartz

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