he air pollutant emission factors has been utilized as very important technical constants, to estimate and characterize the emission rate from the numerous sources that contribute to the community air pollution, and to decide the course of the air pollution control policies.
In this review, author descrived the research and survey to determine the emission factors, and introduced these values from the stationary combustion sources, the chemical process industries, the evaporation loss sources and the open storage piles of coal, ore and rock as example.
Then author discussed the problem to solve about the emission factors in future.

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Ozone concentrations were measured at inland mountainous region of the Kanto district during a period from April 1983 to April 1984. The impact of background ozone to the ground-level oxidant concentration in the Kanto district was discussed on the basis of the data obtained. A moving averaging method was applied to divide some components with different periods and amplitudes in the observed concentration curve.
The ozone concentration with irregular temporal variation was divided into three parts, i.e., variation with a year period, variation with a few day period and variation with a 24-hour period. The first was suggested to relate the exchange of ozone between stratosphere and troposphere, the second, the transport of background ozone behind cyclonic disturbances and the last, the formation and dispersion of oxidants in the lower atmosphere. Typical seasonal background ozone levels in the Kanto district were estimated as 50 ppb in spring and 25ppb in autumn. A large majority of high oxidant episode generation in the Kanto district was observed within anticyclonic area, and the condition of high oxidant generation was classified into spring type and summer type.

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In order to investigate NO₂ spatial variation and representativeness of the present air monitoring stations in Kashima industrial area, the distribution of NO₂ concentration was densely measured by Filter badge method.
Two day's average concentration of 143 point data at about 1 km intervals was 7.5 ppb and the standard deviation was 3.5 ppb.
It was observed that the air monitoring stations located near a trunk road had localized representativeness, and the Filter badge method was effective to measure distributions of nitrogen dioxide since its reliability was confirmed by the data at the fixed stations.

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During the period of Apr., 1984 to Feb., 1985, aerosol samples were collected by Andersen sampler in four seasons in Nara city, inland rural city area and then the atmospheric concentration and particle size distribution of aerosols and their inorganic ion components (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Cl^-, F^-, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) were derived.
Together with seasonal variation of these atmospheric concentration and particle size distribution, the removal of these ionic components by rainfall were investigated.
The particle size distribution of aerosols in Nara city exhibited bimodal pattern throughout a year and the particle size distribution of each ionic components was roughly divided into three main patterns, that was, (1) Distribution was concentrated to fine particles over a year such as SO₄^2-, F^-, NH₄⁺and K⁺ components (FF (Fine fraction): 65-95%), (2) Distribution was predominated in coarse particles fraction over a year such as Na⁺, Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ components (FF: 5-45%), (3) Distribution was differed in different seasons such as NO₃^-and Cl^- components (FF: 16-67%).
These differences of particle size distribution of ionic components were mainly caused by their sources and NO₃^-, Cl^- components were largely related to stability of NH₄⁺ salts that were secondary products in the atmosphere, the coarse particles of NO₃^- was estimated to contain Ca (NO₃) ₂ as well as NaNO₃.
The relationship between FF of ionic components and removal rate by rainfall was shown to be correlated significantly and it was recognized that coarse fraction of aerosols and their ionic components were liable to be removed by rainfall.

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The pathological study of pulmonary resp onse in rats was iesnoras done by light and electron microscopies after continuous exposure to either 0.1 ppm ozone (0₃) or a mixture of 0.1 ppm 0₃ and 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1, 3, 6 and 18 months.
After 1-month exposure to 0₃, hypertrophy and proliferation of Type 2 cells, enhanced permeability of capillary endothelial cells and slight edema in pulmonary interstitial connective tissue were observed. After 3-month exposure, edema became more evident, but it subsided gradually as the exposure lasted for 6 and 18 months.
The changes by combined exposure to 0₃ and NO₂ at the interstitial connective tissue appeared to be somewhat more marked than those caused by exposure to 0₃ alone. The edema of pulmonary connective tissue became progressively pronounced as the exposure lasted.

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Mutagenicity of the product induced by phtochemical reaction of road-coating asphalt with nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) was investigated using S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA98NR, a nitroreductasedeficient strain, and TA98/1, 8-DNP₆, a resistant strain to mutagenicity of 1, 8-dinitropyrene.
An asphalt material dissolved in benzene was deposited on filter papers and was dried to remove benzene. This material was then exposed to NO₂ (10 ppm) in air stream being irradiated with high pressure mercury lamp for from 0.5 to 4 hr.
Only phtochemical reaction product without exposure to NO₂ was not mutagenic for strains TA98 and TA100 with or without S-9 mix, but the product obtained by the reaction with NO₂ showed mutagenicity for strains TA98 without S-9 mix (705 revertants/100μg). The mutagenicity of the reaction-product resulted in the marked reduction for strains TA98NR and TA98/1, 8-DNP₆. These results suggest that nitroarenes are responsible for most of the mutagenicity. Total mutagenic activity of photochemical reaction-product did not show constant mutagenicity in spite of the amount of asphalt deposited on filters. Therefore, it was suggested that the mutagens were produced by light irradiation on the surface of asphalt deposited on filter papers.

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The method for the sampling and determination of azaarenes in ambient air was investigated. An ambient air samples collected on a glass fiber filter and Amberlite XAD-4 resin by high volume air sample was extracted with 150 ml of benzene in Soxhlet extractors for 8 hours. The benzene extractable compounds were concentrated with Kuderna-Danish concentrator and the basic fraction extracted with 1 N hydrochloric acid. In the basic fraction, 13 azaarene species were identified by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and determined by using fused silica capillary column gas chromatography/NPFID. Collection efficiencies were obtained by adding azaarenes standard on a glass fiber filter and drawing through the ambient air at approximately 700l/min for 24 hours. It was observed that azaarenes were mainly absorbed on resin. Collection efficiencies were 83.4-93.8% for XAD-4, 75.6-97.8% for XAD-7 and 43.9-98.3% for Florisil. Azaarenes were efficiently collected on XAD-4 resin.
By this method, azaarenes in ambient air were measured in the Kitakyushu district and found to be in the range of 0.10-7.34 ng/m³.

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A highly sensitive method was developed for the analysis of some carcinogenic nitroarenes in airborne particulates. This method consists of ultrasonic extraction, liquid-liquid partition, normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemical reduction by Na SH, and reverse phase HPLC-fluorometry. Six carcinogenic nitroarenes can be analysed with the following detection limit: 1 pg for 1, 6-dinitropyrene (1, 6-DNP), 2 pg for 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), 1, 3-DNP and 1, 8-DNP, 4 pg for 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF) and 40 pg for 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFR). Five carcinogenic nitroarenes were found in airborne particulates in Tokyo air. Their concentrations were in the range of 14.8-134 pg/m³ for 1-NP, 0.33-8.74 pg/m³ for 1, 6-DNP, ND-6.58 pg/m³ for 1, 8-DNP, ND-4.66 pg/m³ for 1, 3-DNP and ND-27.2 pg/m³ for 2-NF.

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A micro-analytical method for trace amount of benzo (a) pyrene (Ba P) in airborne particulates by low temperature spectrofluorometry was developed. This method consisted of ultrasonic extraction, liquid-liquid partitions by using 5% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and 20% sulfuric acid, successively, and direct determination of Ba P by using specrofluorometry at 77K with narrow baseline method. In the spectrofluorometric determination, excitation wavelengths were set at 368 nm and 309 nm, fluorescence spectra were measured from 398 nm to 408 nm, and fluorescence peak height was obtained by the narrow baseline method. Ba P concentration was calculated by simultaneous equations to eliminate the interfering efect bybenzo (k) fluoranthene (and other contaminants) in the sample. Ba P concentrations in airborne particulates analyzed by this method agreed with those by HPLC spectrofluorometry.

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Air quality of Kanagawa prefecture was evaluated by pollutant standards index (PSI), which was proposed by Federal Register of the United States. Yearly data of pollutants (SO₂, CO, NO₂, SP, O_x) in 21 air pollution monitoring stations were used for evaluation.
According to the frequencies (day/day%), air quality showed clean 40.8-15.5%, moderate 22.1-50.1%, unhealthful 0.6-9.5%, very unhealthful 0-0.6%, it was found that the most part of Kanagawa prefecture has a comparatively good air quality, but some parts were still under unhealthful condition. Unhealthful days were mostly observed in the area having high O_x concentration, but almost not observed in down town having high NO₂ concentration. As the result, PSI method seems very useful to evaluate air quality, but it would be necessary to reform in consideration of environment standard of Japan, in the case of applicating PSI in Japan.

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