A standard reference gas is usually supplied in a high pressure gas cylinder. The supply system for the standard reference gases is based on traceability as follows:
1) The primary standard gases of pure gases are settled by the National Chemical Laboratory for Industry, and the primary standard gas mixtures are prepared by Chemical Standards Center.
2) On the other hand, when the commercial utility gases are made by the gas manufacturers, are inspected by Chemical Standards Center using the secondary standard reference gases.
The primary standard gases are prepared by the gravimetric method using a ultra high precision semi-automatic balance.
Stability of concentration of gas mixtures in the high pressure gas cylinder were pointed out how to maintain it and were investigated it.
Moreover, it is described how to dissolve some problems on the standard reference gas mixtures in the future.

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Synoptic-scale meteorological conditions causing the long-range transport of air pollutant with light gradient winds were investigated by analyzing the atmospheric pressures and ground-level winds as well as the aerological data for the period from May to September 1979. Special attention was paid to the thermal low which was generated in the daytime in the mountainous region, and the characteristics of the upper atmosphere.
Long-range transport occurred under a synoptic-scale high pressure with an upper wind of about half the wind speed averaged over the entire period under study. Under these conditions, local winds developed in the lower atmosphere, and the thermal low and subsidence inversion accompanied by the synoptic-scale high pressure led to the combination of the local winds into two large-scale winds blowing towards the thermal low. The synoptic-scale pressure distribution determines the location of the thermal low center and therefore also determines the horizontal extent of the long-range transport.

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Analytical method for determination of di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) in airborne particulates was investigated. Airborne particulates collected on glass fiber filters by high volume air samplers were extracted with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus during 8 hours. The benzene extractable compounds were concentrated with Kuderna-Danish apparatus and separated by silica gel column chromatography. DEHA was identified by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) and determined by capillary column GC and GC/MS. Overall recoveries of drawing airborne particulates at 780l/min and 1300l/min were 89.9% and 78.6%. By this method, DEHA in airborne particulates was measured in the Kitakyushu district and found to be 1.26ng/m³.

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Oxidation of nitroso compounds to nitro compounds by nitrogen monoxide was studied. to elucidate reactivity of nitric oxide as air pollutant.
After aromatic nitroso compounds were prepared 1%(g/g) by dilution with carbon tetrachloride, nirtic monoxide gas of 10 times molar concentration for aromatic nitroso compounds were passed through the solution. After the reaction, the mixtures were measured by GC-MS, IR etc. Four kinds of p-Nitrosophenol, Nitrosobenzen, Nitrosotoluene and p-Nitroso-N, N-dimethylaniline were studied at 25°C. It was studied all aromatic nitroso compounds were oxidized to nitro compounds by nitric monoxide gas. The oxidized rates were different according to substituents of a benzene ring. The strength of electron release was correlated with the degree of conversion from nitroso compounds to nitro compounds.

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In previous report, the correlation between air pollutants and soil pollutants was described. By the estimation of the Enrichmental Discrimination Factor and Enrichmental Ratio methods, which was described later, the distribution patterns of trace metal concentrations in the soil of Chiba area have investigated in this report.
After 11 elements of Ca, Al, Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, V and Si were extracted from the topsoil and subsoil by conventional method, their conecntrations were analyzed by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, and so forth.
The following results were obtained:
1) Metal concentrations in the soil were widely changed at sampling site and the average value of their concentrations in the topsoil had a tendency to decrease in the following order: Al >Fe > Ca >Mn >Zn >V >Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd.
2) EDF and ER (%) defined by the following equation were calculated on the basis of various metals concentrations.
EDF= (T_E/T_B)/(S_E/S_B)
ER(%)=100 (EDF-1)/EDFM
where T_E and S_E are the concentration of metal in the topsoil and subsoil, TB and SB are the concentration of Si, which was recognized as a standard metal, in the topsoil and subsoil.
3) EDF in the factory area was higher than those of the other areas. Particularly, EDF of Ca, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn were remarkably high and the values of EDF of Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn were 5.2-3.8, 2.4-3.2, and 2.9-2.4, respectively.
4) According to the present data, it was suggested the Pb is widely distributed in whole area of Chiba city. Subsequently, a group of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mn, and Al seemed to be widely distributed metals.

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In a pear orchard located near a iodine refinery, severe damages were observed on the pear leaves. We have investigated the possible cause of the damages. The results of field surveys are as follows:
1) The leaf damages were interveinal or leaf-margin necrosis, the former symptom was found in the cultivars Kosui and Shinsui, while the latter was in Yagimi and Hakko. In the case of severe damages pear leaves fell down early.
2) The extents of leaf damages differed depending on the pear cultivars; Kosui and Hakko were sensitive, Chojuro was resistant, and Shinsui and Yagimi were intermediate.
3) The concentrations of iodine, chlorine, sulfur, bromine and fluorine were compared in apparently damaged and healthy leaves. Only iodine concentration was markedly high in the damaged leaves.
4) A field survey for the leaf damages in eight plant species was conducted near a iodine refinery. Some leaves showed the symptoms of chlorosis or necrosis, and in those damaged leaves the iodine concentration was high.
From these results it was considered that the damages of pear leaves was caused by the excessive accumulation of iodine, which was probably emitted from a iodine refinery. The threshold of iodine concentration in pear leaves was 20-50ppm in sensitive cultivars Kosui and Hakko.

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In order to estimate sources of airborne particulate, particulate samples were collected at twelve sites in Omuta City (Fukuoka Prefecture) during February and March, 1983, using hi-volume air samplers and were analyzed for 26 components.
The following results were obtained.
The total suspended particulate (TSP) can be considered to consist of three major classes of constituents: carbonaceous material, metal oxide and electrolytes (dissolved ionic species). Three major components comprise about 77% of TSP.
Contributions of seven sources (soil, automobile, fuel oil combustion, secondaryparticulate, sea salt, zinc industry and Ca compound) were identified by chemical mass balance method using these major components. The sum of percent contributions from seven sources was calculated to be about 85%.
Sampling days were classified into three meteorological conditions and all sample data were solved with multiple regression analysis to evaluate contribution of sources to TSP. From the result, the variation of TSP were mainly affected by soil and automobile.

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The purpose of this study was to examine effects of ozone (O₃), a main component of photochemical oxidants, on circadian variation in wheel-running activity in rats under 9: 15 hr light-dark situation (light period: 9-18 O'clock, dark period: 18-9 O'clock).
Male rats of the Wistar strain of 6-7, 11-12 and 22-24 weeks old were singly exposed to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0ppm of O₃ or repeatedly exposed to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of O₃ on the days respectively 1, 2 and 3 for each 3 hr from 19 to 22 O'clock.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The rats showed a circadian pattern of wheel-running activity with a higher and lower activities during dark and light period, respectively.
2) The rats of 6-7 and 11-12 weeks old showed significant decreases in the activity counts during the O₃exposure. However, 22-24 weeks old rats did not show a marked change in the activity during O₃ exposure, because the activity level of the rats was much lower than those of the 6-7 and 11-12 weeks old.
3) A significant increase in the activity was frequently observed after the termination of repeated O₃ exposure.
Although the mechanisms of O₃-induced changes in wheel-running activity in rats are not elucidated enough, the behavioral study is considered to be applicable for the evaluation of toxicity at low concentrations of O₃.

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