Regarding the method of measurement of Public Nuisance of offensive odor, I gave an outline of the Offensive Odor Control Law, and showed the method of measurement of offensive odor substances and the sensory test method implemented back from approximately 1970. Then, current methods of odor control engineering and the actual condition of public nuisance on offensive odor were briefly mentioned.

View full abstract

The relationship was surveyed between NO₂ concentration in the scholar zone of Seido junior school along the heavily traffic road (Road Number-43 and Hanshin Highway Road) and the results of pulmonary function test for school children in scholar zone. The pulmonary functions of 6th-grade school children (352 samples) were measured by an autospirometer. The school boys and girls were classified into the following four groups in inhabit area respectively (Road-50m (lst-area)-100 m (2 nd)-300 m (3rd)-(4th), and Yamate-junior school as Refference (5th)) by twice investigated results of relation between NO₂concentration in scholar zone and the distance from R-43, and etc.
(1) Deviation was not found out between the forced-volume capacity (FVC) for investigated school and reference school children.
(2) For school children living in one (lst-4th) area, the estimated value of FVC is shown as a function of the body height, body weight and NO₂ concentration in the area where the child is lived in for more than 3 years, as follow.
X: body height (cm), Y: body weight (kg), U: NO2 concentration (μg/5ml) Boy; FVC (X, Y, U) = (0.0315*X + 0.0229* Y-2.850)*(1.1180-0.0670* U) (1) Girl; FVC (X, Y, U) = (0. 0226*X-1-0.0226 Y-3.078)*(1.0809-0.0443* U) (1)

View full abstract

Benzene-extracts of airborne particulates (tars) were studied as to cytotoxic effect upon colony formation in HeLa cells. The dose-response relations of 4 tars were analyzed in concentrations of from 0 to 80 dug/mlat intervals of 10μg; 2 of them lowered colony formation to about 80% and the others to less than 50% at 40μg/ml. Although the latter toxic tars did not strongly reduce colony formation under 30 μg/ml, they did so logarithmically over 50μg/ml. These results show that the effects of tars on the colony formation in HeLa cells are in good agreement with the target theory. The extrapolated and D₀ (intermediate lethal dose) values, the parameters of the target theory, were about 270% and 20μg/ml, respectively. The former weakly toxic tars showed gentle slopes under the same conditions.
The ability of colony formation of tars collected from 8 monitoring stations in Osaka City were surveyed for about 2 years at 2 doses, 40 and 80μg/ml. The results showed that the cytotoxic effects of these tars at the identical time were very similar; local differences were not found. Seasonal differences, however, were observed. In the experimental period tars in each month, July to August and September to October in 1980, were found to be more cytotoxic in HeLa cells than the others; all of them inhibited completely colony formation at 80μg/ml.
SCE-inductions of 6 tars collected from a station in an industrial area were also surveyed. A highly negative correlation was found between colony-forming rates and SCEs, suggesting that DNA in cells may be the target agent for cytotoxicity of tars.

View full abstract

An analytical method for particulate carbon and other elements by using elemental analyzer based on the Pregl method was investigated. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was determined as CO₂, H₂, and N₂, respectively. Organic carbon (Corg) was determined after separation from elemental carbon (Cel) by volatilization and thermal decomposition in a heated helium flow. With organic materials examined in this report, more than 90% of carbon was detected as Corg above 600°C. But it is considered that a few percents of some compounds were charred above 500°C. A small amount of Cel was oxidized in the inert atmosphere above 850°C, but the reason was not explained clearly. Based on the thermal chracteristics of Corg, it was found that the optimum temperature of heating in the helium flow of an elemental analyzer for Corg analysis is 630°C. Carbon in a sample after removing Corg was assumed as Cel, and the gramatom ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the sample was 0.4 and less.
Recovery of nitrogen derived from some ammonium salts and nitrates was 100% by two-step measurement with elemental analyzer.
By the analytical method investigated in this report, carbon and other elements in suspended particulates (SP) collected at an urban area in Kawasaki were measured. It was found that carbon is a main component of SP, because the carbon content in SP was 25% at the yearly mean. There was a good correlation between total nitrogen in SP measured by elemental analyzer and nitrogen estimated from ammonium ions and nitrate ions in SP. The nitrogen from these ions accounts for 80% of the total nitrogen. It is further suggested that the residue (20%) of the total nitrogen is attributed to the other nitrogeneous compounds.

View full abstract

The inverse Gaussian distribution is applied to dust concentration. Its fitnessis compared with the one of the log-normal distribution and the Gamma distribution. The optimum distribution is defined by using absolute deviation method and is tested by variance coefficient (δ₂)-skewness coefficient (δ₃) diagram method. The result indicates that both hourly and daily dust concentration can be approximated better by the inverse Gaussian distribution. Furthermore, it is shown that the inverse Gaussian distribution moves on the straight line which ranges between the parabola and the straight line representing the log-normal distribution and the Gamma distribution respectively in δ₂-δ₃ diagram.

View full abstract

Diffusion experimental data in the atmospheric surface layer from ground level line sources are examined by using analytical solutions of the Fickian equation.
Following problems are discussed.
(1) Should we approximate the eddy diffusivity of matters in the vertical direction K_z with a function of downwind distance or with that of height?
(2) Should we put wind shear in the equation?
The results are as follows:
(1) In the case of diffusion from line sources, the agreement of prediction, in which K_z is a function of height, with the experimental data is not better than that in which K_z is a function of downwind distance.
(2) The agreement of prediction, in which wind shear is included, with the experimental data is not better than that of constant wind velocity in the area.
(3) The Walters type solution which is solved on the assumption of Kz=K₀·xⁿ and constant wind velocity in the area is useful and practical enough in the prediction from line sources.

View full abstract

A gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatographic (GPC-HPLC) method is presented to determine trace amounts of asphalt in particulate matter from asphalt-paved roads. A 0. 025-2-g amount of particulate sample was extracted for 6 h with 110 ml of 4/1 benzene/ethanol in a Soxhlet extractor. The extract was filtered with a Toyo Roshi No.5C filter paper, concentrated to dryness on' a water bath and heated at 100° for 2 h. The residue was dissolved in 2-10 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and thus filtered with a cellulose menbrane filter (0.45μm). A 5-μl volume of the sample was analyzed by GPC-HPLC with fluorescene detection at λ_ex 285 nm and λ_em 400 nm. The analytical column used was a 7. 5 mm i, d.× 50 cm stainless steel tube packed with JASCGJ Finepak Gel 101. The mobile phase was THF and the fl ow rate was 0.5 ml/min. The asphalt was quantified by peak height at the elution volume where components with 1, 000 of molecular weight were eluted. The detection limit of asphalt, defined as tenth the noise level, was 50 ng. Asphalt could be linearly determined in the range 0-8μg. The recovery obtained was 87% for a 5-μg level of asphalt spiked to diesel engine soot with 5% relative standard deviation, and was 95-97% for a 0.5mg level of asphalt spiked to airborne particulate matter collected at a roadside. The organic substances in vehicle engine soot and tire tread particulate did not interfere with the determination of asphalt in particulate matter from asphalt-paved roads.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine a method for establishing the representativeness of an air monitoring station by applying a method of estimating the regional distribution of air pollutant concentration based on a statistical model.
It is assumed that the air pollutant concentration at a station, which has been proposed for elimination under a reduction or rearrangement plan, can be estimated from the data obtained at other stations. A method for determining the most important representative stations from a set of existing stations is tested through its application to the 35 stations of the air monitoring network of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.
The results are as follows.
(1) Five of the 35 stations are selected as candidates of reduction under the criterion of multiple correlation coefficients of 0.9 by applying the method of step-wise multiple regression analysis.
(2) When hierarchical structural analysis of the stations is done by applying the method of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) based on the ad jacency matrix among the stations, the 35 stations are divided into three levels: four stations of the candidates were in the lowest level, of which stations could be explained by the data of air pollutant concentration of other 31 stations including one of the candidates; the remain of the candidates is in second level.
(3) In consequence, when three stations: two stations of the lowest level and the station of the second level are eliminated from the network and air pollutant concentrations at the station are estimated by the data obtained at other stations, the correlation coefficients between calculation and observation are 0.74, 0.89 respectively.

View full abstract

An exposure type sampler for ambient levels of gases was developed on the basis of molecular diffusion. It was applied to the measurement of NO₂ in the ambient air. The effect of wind velosity on the collection rate is eliminated by using capillary tubes with high diffusion resistance. TEA-H₂O-DMS0 was selected as a collecting solution for NO₂. Measurements of NO₂ were found to be in good agreement with the values obtained by a conventional chemiluminescence method.

View full abstract