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Volume 36, Issue 11
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Iwao TABUSHI, Takako NISHIYA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 879-895
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Development of the New Concept of “Reaction Field”
A new concept of “reaction field” as a specific force field which is important in determing direction, velocity or selectivity of a reaction is briefly introduced and discussed.
2. Factors Determining “Reaction Field.”
As major factors determining above defined “reaction field” in biological systems, (a) hydrophobic field, (b) asymmetric field, (c) electrostatic field and (d) information field are discussed. Unique substrate specificity developed in a hydrophobic cavity of chymotrypsin, specific hydrogen transfer between alcohol dehydrogenase and NADD, metal coordination in pyruvate carboxylase catalysis and information field in nucleic acids and proteins are presented as typical examples for (a) - (d), respectively.
3. Practical Design of “Reaction Field.”
Designing of hydrophobic field by use of cyclodextrin and cyclophane host, designing of electrostatic field by introducing additional cations onto some host molecules, designing of asymmetric field by attaching asymmetric wall to crown ethers, designing of information fiels by connecting “information elements” by covalent bonds are specially discussed.
4. Specific Reaction in Reaction Field.
Specific reactions originated from specific “reaction field” are discussed for (a) energy conversion (b) electron transport (c) electron conjugated shift and (d) active transport. Artificially composed photosynthesis model, electron transport system, CPA hydrolysis and active transport across membrane are taking special examples, respectively.
5. Organic Synthesis by Effective Utilization of “Reaction Field.” Specific and automatic ADP synthesis from AMP, prenyl condensation in cyclodextrin cavity and some other examples are discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1918K) -
Yoshihiko HIRAKAWA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 896-899
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: July 12, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChemical industry originated in Alchemy had greatly developed in Europe through primary industrial revolution and in the U. S. A. chemical engineering has been developed. After the second world-war, reaction engineering has been commenced to develope. I don't know a precedent which reaction.fields was discussed in view of the chemical industry, then I present herewith a brief essay in the fields of high temperature cracking reactions, solid surface reactions, chemical ray reactions, electro-chemical reactions, matrix polymerization and interfacial polymerization, high pressure reactions, etc.View full abstractDownload PDF (665K) -
Metal Cluster-Metal Surface AnalogyShinji MURAI, Noboru SONODA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 900-908
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe chemistry of transition metal complexes, especially that of metal clusters, may contribute to the better understanding of surface reactions at molecular level. There are potential analogies between metal clusters and metal surface with respects to i) nature of metal-metal bonding network, ii) metal-organic species interaction, and iii) mobility of organic species on metals, as pointed out by E.L. Muetterties. Metal clusters and metal surface have also similarity with respect to metal rearrangement as well as to hydrogen migration on the inside of the metal network. New notation for the chemisoption process, which has been proposed recently, is described briefly.View full abstractDownload PDF (1068K) -
Naoki TOSHIMA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 909-916
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSImmobilization of homogeneous metal complexes were reviewed from the viewpoint of utilization of metal complexes as catalysts of organic synthesis. The preparation methods of heterogenized homogeneous catalysts were described for polystyrene anchored catalysts linked by a phosphine ligand or by a cyclopentadienyl ligand, ionic polymer attached catalysts, and metal complex catalysts with inorganic support. The characteristics of immobilized metal complex catalysts were explained in terms of easiness for treatment of the catalysts, isolation and stabilization of active sites of a catalyst, and usefullness of multi-functional catalysts. The application of the heterogenized homogeneous catalysts for organic synthesis was described with respects to hydrogenation of olefins and dienes, hydroformylation, dimerization of olefins, and asymmetric hydrogenation with emphasis on the selectivity in the reaction.View full abstractDownload PDF (939K) -
Ichiro CHIBATA, Tetsuya TOSA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 917-930
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently the enzyme industry has been developing rapidly, through advances in the biochemistry, bioorganic chemistry, and techniques of enzyme production by microorganisms.
Many kinds of enzymes have been widely used in the fields of synthetic chemical, food, and medical industries. However, these enzymes have been conventionally used in soluble form, which has some disadvantages. Thus, the immobilization of enzymes has been the subject of increased intrest, and a number of papers on potential applications of immobilized enzymes have been published. Further, very recently many papers have been published on the immobilized microbial cells for the purpose of transformations of organic compounds. In this paper, the preparations, the enzymatic properties and the utilizations of these immobilized systems are reviewed.View full abstractDownload PDF (2076K) -
Waichiro TAGAKI1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 931-936
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGeneral features of micellar catalysis are briefly described as an introduction. As for typical examples of micellar and emulsion reactions are selected the base catalyzed H-D exchange reaction of sulfonium salts and the use of resulting intermediate ylide for the synthesis of oxiranes. Other subjects which are briefly discussed are the relationship between micellar and phase transfer catalysis and hopeful future possibilities of functional micelles and immobilized micelles.View full abstractDownload PDF (927K) -
Hideo KISE, Manabu SENO1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 937-941
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChemical reactions in thermotropic liquid crystalline phase are reviwed. The characteristic behavior of organic solutes in liquid crystals and the effects of the anisotropic solvents on chemical reactions are discussed. The reactions of liquid crystals and organic solutes which cause phase transition are also described.View full abstractDownload PDF (692K) -
Review from the View Point of Membrane DesignShigeyoshi HARA, Takeyuki KAWAGUCHI1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 942-955
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSynthetic membranes which have function as a field separation and reaction are reviewed on the basis of membrane design. Among these are included membranes for reverse osmosis, dialysis, ion exchange, gas separation, pervaporation, perstraction, facilitated transport, active transport, chiroselective transport, electron transport, and enzymic reactions.View full abstractDownload PDF (2031K) -
Yukito MURAKAMI, Yasuhiro AOYAMA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 956-962
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSParacyclophane macrocycles provide an effective binding site for hydrophobic substrates in aqueous media. There are two types of host-guest interactions for these macrocycles : inclusion of the hydrophobic moiety of a substrate into the macrocyclic cavity, and binding of a guest molecule by face-to-face hydrophobic interaction. A polyazaparacyclophane bearing long alkyl chains as branches of the skeleton provides a deeper hydrophobic cavity due to its octopus-like structure. In order to freeze up the molecular motion of an incorporated guest, additional interactions would be required. Paracyclophanes enhanced various organic reactions by covalent, general acid, general base, and acid-base bifunctional catalysis in addition to the hydrophobic effect exerted by them. Some recent progress in cyclodextrin chemistry has also been briefly reviewed.View full abstractDownload PDF (965K) -
Kengi KOGA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 963-968
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChemical properties of crown compounds and their applications to synthetic organic chemistry are discussed with some representative examples. Special attention is focused on the so-called “host-guest chemistry”, which is expected to be one of the possible strategies for the development of new synthetic reactions.View full abstractDownload PDF (719K) -
Ikuzo TANAKA1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 969-981
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: November 13, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBio-conversion is an important tool for organic synthesis, especially in the stereospecific and asymmetric synthesis. Several examples of microbial and enzymatic transformation in prostaglandins, amino acids and antibiotics are reviewed.
It seems that the combination of bio-conversion and chemical procedure is to make it possible to prepare natural and related compounds which have not been synthesized before by the ordinary chemical method.View full abstractDownload PDF (1494K) -
Yasuyuki TAKAGI1978 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 982-994
Published: November 01, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: January 22, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis is an article introducing the genetic engineering or gene manipulation, a technique which was developed most remarkably during the past few years in genetic studies and nucleic acid biochemistry. The historical background of this technique, principle of the general procedures and the significance in future biological researches and its application have been surveyed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1729K)
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