Cataract and darkness views, which have a difficulty in evacuation route finding, are reproduced through retouching spherical image in order to use various kind of studies and drills wearing virtual reality (VR) head mount display. Cataract view image is created based on the feature of 3 filters. One is ND filter, which reduce the intensity of all wavelength, another is LBA filter, which reduce color temperature, and the other is Foggy filter, which creates haze and blur effect. Foggy effect is created by 3 factors, straight light, scattered light and blurred light. Therefore, cataract view is reproduced by overlaying these three images, after changing brightness and color temperature which are feature of ND filter and LBA filter respectively. Darkness view image is reproduced by applying decrease in light intensity and an increase in sensitivity and color change from the contribution ratio of cones and rods depending on the lightning condition.

 In addition, we conducted an experiment to examine reproducibility of three types of view images, unretouched normal view, cataract view and darkness view (1 lx and 0.02lx). In the experiment, 10 participants were asked the questions about the visibility of each part of the door, color chart, visual impression and so on under three visual conditions in physical reality and VR. As a result, following results are acquired.

 (1) Normal view of VR is a little harder to recognize objects than that of physical reality. The recognizable limit distance on the VR is overall reduced to about 0.9 times. On the other hands, in the fine part such as a door knob, it is reduced to about 0.7 times. In addition, visual impression evaluation about brightness, color, size and depth of space, and total evaluation is almost the same as physical reality.

 (2) Cataract view of physical reality, which is reproduced by wearing goggles attached some filters, is a little hard to recognize object, compared with physical reality in normal view. In physical reality of cataract view, recognizable limit distance on the VR is overall reduced to about 0.9 times, on the other hands, in the fine part such as door knob, it is reduced to about 0.7 times.

 (3) In cataract view of VR, it is a little harder to recognize object than cataract view of physical reality. It might not be caused by a difference between physical reality and proposed cataract image, but might be caused by VR device performance such as resolution because this tendency is almost the same as the difference between physical reality and VR in normal view, In addition, impression evaluation about haze, yellowish, blur, and brightness on VR is almost the same as physical reality.

 (4) Darkness view of 1 lx in physical reality is a little difficult to recognize object, compared with physical reality in normal view. The recognizable limit distance is overall reduced to about 0.9 times, on the other hands, view of 0.02 lx is considerably hard to recognize.

 (5) In darkness view of VR, the recognizable limit distance and impression evaluation about door recognition are enough good reproducibility. However, impression evaluation about walkablity, fear and brightness is not good. This seems to be caused by blocked up shadows at fine parts and originally dark parts such as black flooring.

 Background

 Temporary housings built after the Great East Earthquake in 2011 are currently inhabited and have been managed for more than 8 years. The way of supporting residents in these temporary housings was developed based on recovery and knowledge of the past disasters. One way was to establish a support-center for the elderly inside the complex to aid elderly’s daily life. Recently, support-center ended its role and it is being demolished because most residents have moved out from the temporary housings to their permanent houses. It is necessary to reveal the utilization of support-center by residents to think about providing effective supports for the elderly. The more aging society grows in Japan, the more important it becomes to consider providing welfare supports for the elderly after future disasters.

 Objective

 The aim of this study is to detect the role of support-center for the elderly. It had been changed as residents’ disaster recovery proceeded. Obtaining knowledge of changing role of support-center provides us the hints of providing moderate welfare supports for the elderly who need them as their recovery process.

 Methodology

 This study investigated the utilizational transition of Heita Area Support-center in Kamaishi City, Iwate Prefecture. The center had supported the residents 24 hours, 365 days over 7.5 years. This study had three methods to reveal the utilization of support-center. First, to understand the outline of the complex, documents were collected and interviews with staffs of local government were conducted. Second, to clarify the utilization of support-center, we collected records of services and we conducted interviews with staffs of support-center. Third, to clarify the existing way of utilization, seven elderly ex-residents and three current residents were interviewed.

 Conclusion

 The role had transitioned as recovery process. In early period, it reduced physical and mental stress caused by the earthquake. In middle period, it reduced the burden of troubles with neighbors in the complex. In last period, it reduced the burden of environmental transition. Thanks to support-center, the elderly and their family could have an option to choose the complex and staffs of local government could recommend the complex for the elderly to receive life supports. Also, services such as blood-pressure checks and meditation management were continuously active until the support-center closed. Due to depression, the elderly expressed desire to preserve the interactions which had created in the temporary housing complex with ex-residents and support-center staffs. It's important for support-center staffs to think about providing health management supports and to consider keeping interactions with ex-residents and support-center staffs after demolishing the temporary housing complex.

 This research focuses on construction of houses to discuss about methods of bridging traditional and modern. The survey was conducted in Mwingi East District in Eastern Province, Kenya. It is a area where Kamba people lives. It is also a semi-arid area which means comparatively poor area in Kenya. We visited 19 households and had interviews to dwellers and also done measuring of houses in each compound.

 The findings are as follows;

 1) Houses are gradually shifting to modern style; permanent structure, rectangle and iron sheet roof, from traditional style; temporary structure, circle and thatched roof. Especially main houses are modernized preferentially. On the other hands, kitchens and granaries tend to be remained as traditional style.

 2) There are varieties of styles bridging traditional and modern styles. Dwellers are choosing from these varieties according to the functions and availabilities. Main houses are modernized because they are a ‘face’ of the compound. Granaries are mainly in traditional style because it is important for granaries to be well insulated.

 3) Eating activities are done mainly in outside space especially under trees. Sleeping are done in houses or granaries. Parents and small children tend to sleep in main houses, other adults sleep in other houses and there are some cases that young boys sleep in granaries.

 4) As modernized, houses are becoming larger. There are a few cases which contains several rooms in one building. In that case, dwellers eat inside. It means as modernized, people choose to eat in houses which would change the role of inside and outside in compounds.

 The relationship and reliability established between a public hall’s service provider and users is referred to as user engagement in this study. In addition to user engagement, we investigate the user’s satisfaction with the facility, perceived value of the facility, and behavioral intention to visit the facility. In addition, the causal relationships between these factors are quantitatively elucidated.

 Minole Omitama Bunka Center, located in Omitama city in Ibaraki Prefecture, was selected as the model for this case study because several exchange projects and activities, aimed at improving user engagement from the marketing perspective, are being actively conducted in this public hall. For this study, printed questionnaires were sent by post to 2000 residents of Omitama, and completed questionnaires were received by post later. A total of 285 completed questionnaires were received (i.e., the recovery rate was approximately 15%). Through the questionnaires, structural equation modeling of the impact of user engagement on behavioral intention to visit the public hall was performed using 14 observation variables. A goodness of fit index (GFI) of 0.859 and a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.109 was reported for the model. The structural equation modeling was performed again, and this time, the two observation variables were excluded; then, a GFI of 0.927 and an RMSEA of 0.082 were reported. Because the results were satisfactory, this was adopted as the final model. Next, we considered three classifications of the population: age under/exceeding 60 years, experience/no experience as a user, and perception/no perception of the facility planning. In addition, structural equation modeling was performed multiple times for the three classifications.

 The following are the three findings of this study. First, improving user engagement had a positive impact on behavioral intention to visit. Second, a user’s satisfaction with the facility and perceived value of the facility improved user engagement. Further, the impact of the perceived value of the facility was higher than that of the satisfaction with the facility. Furthermore, in the case of residents under the age of 60 years who have used the facility in the past and are aware of its functioning, the satisfaction with the facility did not have a significant effect on user engagement. In these cases, only the perceived value of the facility improved user engagement. Improving the functioning of the facility and the perception of the value of the facility requires a considerable amount of effort.

 Based on this and the above findings, it can be inferred that improving user engagement through the planning process of the facility is more feasible. In particular, it is important for people who have used the facility in the past and are aware of its functioning to recognize the value of the facility.

 Introduction

 Almost 5 years have passed since the Comprehensive support system started from April 2015. A lot of children are still waiting list to enter authorized day-nurseries in urban area, so non-authorized day-nurseries also play an important role. To reduce the waiting lists, certified nurseries have been performed independently in some municipalities. There are two major options for certified nurseries to shift to the new system: “authorized day-nurseries” or “small-scale daycare services”. Either of these options must meet the national standards higher than previous local standards. In the previous paper, we examined the results of the transition from certified nurseries to small-scale daycare services 3 years ago. In this paper, the purpose is to clarify the actual circumstances of the certified nurseries 4 years after the system started and the transition from certified nurseries to authorized day-nurseries. Considering the situation in authorized day-nurseries where the area standards have hardly improved since 1948, it is very important that the area standard has been raised as a result of the shift to the new system.

 Method

 This study is composed of two types of surveys. As the first survey, document analysis on certified nurseries in 6 municipalities (Sendai, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Tokyo, Kawasaki, and Yokohama) were conducted. And the second survey, visit and interview surveys were conducted to 20 authorized day-nurseries shifted from certified nurseries.

 Results

 1) Certified nurseries with a small capacity have a high rate of transition to the new system, and many have shifted to small-scale daycare services. On the other hand, certified nurseries with a large capacity have a slightly lower rate of transition, and many have shifted to authorized day-nurseries.

 2) In the transition to small-scale daycare services, a large number of cases continued to use the original building while reducing the capacity. On the other hand, in the transition to authorized day-nurseries, there were few cases where the original building was continuously used, and the majority were relocated to another building while expanding the capacity.

 3) If the original building had no major problems such as seismic standard and changes in usage, it could be converted to an authorized day-nursery. However, in most cases, major problems occurred in the original building, so those which owned the land were rebuilt on the same site, and those which rented the land and building were relocated.

 4) With the shift to authorized day-nurseries with higher facility standards, the area per child has increased and nursery rooms have been secured by age in almost all nurseries. As a result, both the nurseries using the original building and the nurseries relocated to another building have improved the childcare environment than before.

 5) There were several cases where small-scale daycare services was newly opened on a site that was vacant after being relocated to another place as an authorized day-nursery. The area per child has increased significantly due to the drastic reduction in capacity, and the childcare environment has been greatly improved while using the original building almost as it was.

 The aim in this paper is to clarify how each subject views the design target, what kind of frame difference is created there and how the difference affect their design process and the final design proposal in the process of design by dialogue between two design subjects. We first conducted a design experiment for architectural design practitioners and analyzed the design process. We took up the design process of one team, which was expected to have a very different way of understanding the design target despite having formed agreements on the design content between the members. Through the analysis of the team’s design process, we clarified what meaning and value was created in the team's design proposal and pointed out how the dialogue between design subjects under different frames affects the design process and the design target. The contents are shown below.

 1) Denotation and connotation of design ideas

 It was confirmed that there was a large difference between designers in the frame recognizing the design target. Therefore, the content of the ideas related to the design target was roughly classified into denotation and connotation.

 2) Categorized ideas and relationships between designers

 We analyzed the contents of their design based on the classification of ideas, denotation and connotation and the relationship between the designers who generated the design ideas. The result is that the difference in the way of thinking of design target causes each designer to play a different role, leading to the development of design thinking through more active dialogue between designers.

 3) Overlapping conflicting meanings and values

 There are sometimes various contradictions in the various meanings and values given to the design target. However, the intent of each design based on the evaluation axis of each designer leads to the process of constructing polysemy of design target which contains the value from multiple perspectives.

 The statutory city planning system, which had created uniform standards throughout the country, had been about to leach to small autonomies such as local towns and villages after more than a decade since its beginning. This paper focuses on Ohi Town, Ena County (present Ena City) in the process by which the city planning method was applied. In 1924, the Ohi Dam, a large-scale dam-type hydroelectric power plant, was built, and a sightseeing tour with boats using this dam lake started. This period coincided with the time when public works such as roads in Ohi Town became prosperous, and the period of forming of the city planning for town and village according to the revised City Planning Act of 1933. This study clarifies that the series of infrastructure developments in the early Showa era in Ohi Town was to create a system for practicing a new industry with the perspective of local management, with absorbing the intentions of the Home Ministry and prefecture from the viewpoint of city (regional) planning. As a result of evaluating and organizing the remaining primary materials and newspaper articles, the following became clear.

 In Ohi Town, a tourist business using a new dam lake was developed. Ohi Town operated the town-run tourism independently from 1930 to 1936, and steadily managed even during the Japanese severe recession. This was because the town mainly invested public expenses and human resources into the construction of the forest park and the 6-ken width road which was the approach to the park, both were promoted at the same time.

 While the Kita-Ena Railway, which worked on tourism using a light railway for the construction of the Ohi Dam, failed clearly in a short term, Ohi Town found its way into the tourism and worked with all its strength. This intention also be reflected in the fact that Ohi Town helped to build an important traffic line for the neighboring Hirukawa village in order to make the tourism monopolized by Ohi Town. This tourism was privatized in 1936, and the business for the future was set up as a new public-private partnership industry that could be managed by the private sector.

 Regarding the revision of the City Planning Act in 1933, what might be important for the region was that small local governments awakened to local management such as Ohi Town were treated as applicable. As a result, Akira Ando, engineer of the City Planning Gifu Regional Committee, was preparing to establish a forest park and designate scenic districts prior to establishment of the town and village city planning system. Reijo Oya, engineer of the City Planning Osaka Local Committee and Ando made infrastructure plans such as the forest park with access by a scenic drive that would give excellent prospects. Based on Ohi Town's request, they shared their vision for the future to realize an ideal regional plan. That is, Ohi Town, which wanted to establish a set of infrastructure for promoting the sightseeing business as a new industry, and a group of engineers from Home Ministry who aimed to realize an ideal regional plan in the region shared the projects with different objectives, and realized steadily without waiting for a decision by the City Planning Act.

 Odaiba’s Media Projected Images (MPIs) text data were analyzed using Text Mining, influential Elements and differences between sources were spotted. Accordingly, extracting Two image dimensions: Occasional/Permanent Facilities and Daily use/Sightseeing focus. The suggested framework for measuring the dimensions was evaluated depending on our theoretical approach and hypothesis of the “two-way image formation process”. This process argues that the images are formed by image contributors. These contributors belong to whether the “Personal scale” or to the “Official scale”. As a result of our study, the multiple images formed are mainly generated from the previously studied Residents perceived Images’ RPIs^9)1*) dimensions coming from Foreign and Japanese residents which depended on the psychological semantic differential survey, or from the current study of the MPIs dimensions which rely on place elements analysis and their appearance rate in different official sources. The MPIs dimensions were found to have an impact on RPIs patterns. Besides, obtaining four image components: “Shop/Experience/Commute”, “Visit/Stay/Work”, “Enjoy/see/Interact”, and “Discover/Relax/Wander”. Updated versions of the Media sources should be published to cope with such new plans and to emphasize more the role of the place and promote its new elements which might not be highlighted enough in these sources. It is important to revive the human aspects of the place by the encounter of sustaining and developing a balanced managing approach of the place’s projected image. This current study is contributing to understanding comprehensively the images of Odaiba through extracting a combined data set of Elements coming from the RPIs and MPIs, this combined data set resulted in seven patterns through HCA to provide a common evaluation basis for measuring and comparing the tendencies of RPIs and MPIs. Iconic Buildings, Landmarks, and occasional events throughout the year are the main elements describing the perception of the Residents of Odaiba especially the Japanese. On the other side, the MPIs focused on promoting the elements of Odaiba that ease the connectivity with the city such as the means of transportation, and the smooth accessibility of the place which always sustains its livability and performance. Foreigner residents are found having the same tendencies as Guidebooks, Japanese and Foreigners tendencies correspond to Online Guides and Pamphlets/Maps, while Websites tendencies are like the Japanese residents. In general, the Japanese residents are having the same inclinations as the virtual MPIs sources, while the Foreigners’ perceived images seem to be affected by a virtual and printed source. This research presents a case of evaluation of the current image of Odaiba from several perspectives which is quite different as few residential blocks are inherited with various commercial, recreational, and sightseeing elements. The main aspect facing residents is living in a residential context as a minority in an island promoted as a leisure and recreational place.

 Most municipalities place railway stations as the core of their “Location Optimization Plan”. Those plans are for compactification urban and residential areas to around railway stations. However, as the porous phenomenon proves, urban shrinkage does not always occur from outer edges of the area. Furthermore, suburban areas have motorized society as one of its aspects. There are difficulties on carrying out the compactification and demographic aggregation around railway stations.

 This thesis clarifies the possibility of compactification in the station area at suburbia. It is analyzed based on the trend of population increase and decrease in each subregion in the suburban area. To identify the suburban municipalities that strongly related to the urban central area, the Keihanshin-Employment District is stated. The district includes municipalities with more than 10 % of employees are commuting to the central urban area. To observe the situation of population aggregation around the suburban railway stations, the spatial autocorrelation method is used. The targeted areas for the method is subregions in the suburban area of Keihanshin-Employment District. The value for the calculation is Demographic Cohort Ratio of each generations. The generations are separated into 4 groups based on the life stages; 1) Young-Aged (20 to 34), 2) Middle-Aged (35 to 49), 3) Pre-Retired (50 to 64), 4) Early Elderlies (65 to 69).

 Findings are under below;

 1. The area of all generations without Y-A where population settlement and influx occur, decreases its aggregation tendency. Especially P-R and EE still settle on the outer edge of suburbia.

 2. The increasement of population settlement and influx tendency within the station sphere occurs at younger generations. Even in the same station sphere, the population influx tendency is relatively stronger at subregions which is near by stations than the outer area of the sphere. On the other hand, the population settlement tendency is relatively stronger at subregions which is far away from stations than the inner area of the sphere.

 3. Younger generations choose their residential areas at the place where directly accessible to the central urban station. On the other hand, elderlies mostly settle or flow in the areas around the branch railways.

 4. Subregions where population settlement and influx occur relatively spread along the railway lines compared to 2005.

 5. Y-A settle or inflow with facial continuity in the station sphere of stations that express trains stop. On the other hand, the same tendency of EE occurs as topically.

 6. In the case of Y-A, population settlement and influx have been occurring at same express stations since 2005. On the other hand, the bipolarization of express stations either station with continuance of population settlement and inflow tendency or station that decreases the tendency, is observed at the case of M-A.

 7. Even some part of suburban area such as southern part of Osaka prefecture, has relatively low tendency of population settlement and influx, there are few station spheres at the area that demographic cohort ratio is relatively high in all generations.

 8. There are stations that population settlement and influx tendency is different in each generation, even if the stations are on the same railway line or close to each other.

 9. The structure of railway station sphere is bipolarized into either the sphere with areally population settlement and influx tendency or the sphere the tendency occurs topically.

 The aims of this study are to clarify the current situation of sound environment and feelings and image evoked by the sound at Tomoi area in Higashi-Osaka city, selected as a case study of built-up area rapidly developed in 1960s.

 The sound in the built-up area is broadly classified into two categories; the one produced in exterior space and the other inside houses. We found 82 types of sound in exterior space and classified it into six categories; ‘activity’, ‘voice’, ‘nature(water・wind)’, ‘nature(creature)’, ‘traffic’ and ‘equipment’ whereas 36 types of the sound produced inside houses are classified into four categories; ‘activity’, ‘voice’, ‘nature (creature)’ and ‘equipment’.

 The sound captured in exterior space varies with location. ‘Voice’ is mainly collected at around the facilities such as elementary schools and preschools. As most of ‘nature(water・wind)’ comes from wind, the number of objects such as garden trees and clothes at drying space has an impact on its production. As the ‘nature(creature)’ is mostly produced by birds, its production is affected by the number of trees to sit on. The number of ‘traffic’ tends to increase along wider roads. The sound source produced by ‘equipment’ is dominated by condenser units along streets. The sound produced in the exterior space is significantly affected by location and time as it contains not only the one captured nearby houses but also the one produced on the road and above.

 Frequency and category of sound produced inside houses vary according to housing types. ‘Cooking’ was frequently captured at row houses and bunka-jutaku because of the kitchens located at the side of front roads. There was little sound captured at detached houses with large site whereas the ones with smaller site frequently brought ‘voice’ and ‘activity’. Small-scale detached house hardly brought the sound due to the location of living and private rooms located at or above the first floor. Sound is hardly captured at front roads of apartment house as it keeps a distance between the roads and dwelling units where parking, side corridors and shared entrances are located in between.

 Feelings and image recalled from the sound are classified into eleven categories and it can be reclassified into three large categories; ‘feelings to the sound’, ‘feelings to the sound source’ and ‘evoking image by the sound’. Four categories; ease, surprise, fear and unpleasant are in ‘feelings to the sound’. Four categories; interest, wish, resign and admire are in ‘feelings to the sound source’. Three categories; daily life, retrospection and silent are in ‘evoking image by the sound’.

 The Shinkansen stations usually serve as the transportation hubs in the cities, and a good station-area planning is usually prerequisite for the eventual successful operation of an HSR station. For over half a century, the construction of Shinkansen stations has been planned to drive the urban development of the surrounding areas. Around Shinkansen stations, urban development plans were carried out to improve the quality of living environment, attract investments and led population aggregation and commercial prosperity. However, Japan’s total population has been decreasing since 2010, which indicated that depopulation has become an inevitable new reality for urban planners and policymakers. Thus, it is necessary to reexamine Shinkansen’s impact on the development of station areas and reconsider the anticipation for the development of the Shinkansen station area.

 Therefore, this research focused on the land development status and tendency of the area around all 92 Shinkansen stations. With 16 indexes related to the current land development status of Shinkansen station areas, the principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted to classify the land development status of 92 station areas into 6 typology groups: 1). Primitive state, 2). Low-density residential-oriented, 3). Intensive mixed residential-oriented, 4). Low-density commerce-oriented, 5). Dense commerce-oriented 6). Integrated core. Then, the location conditions of stations in each land typology group were clarified. Finally, according to the growth of population and employment in the station areas during 2010 and 2015, the development tendency of each land development typology was clarified.

 As a result, this study found that the introduction of Shinkansen services to major cities in the rapid economic development period has been seen to have been a major success, however, for intermediate station in the local cities, the development of a positive benefit affected by Shinkansen developments requires careful planning and policy intervention to create development opportunities. Besides, since the year of 2010, Shinkansen station areas did concentrate more population, however, the recession of commerce vitality were observed around more than half of the station. Remarkably, integrated core station areas were able to retain their commerce vitality, while many station areas of other land development typologies were transforming towards residential-oriented.

 In recent years, industrial heritage as a cultural heritage has received a lot of attention. The preservation of Industrial Heritage, a type of modern heritage, has great significance, not only in terms of the inheritance of material values, such as the age and scarcity of objects for preservation, but also in the inheritance of the "Narrative," which conveys the unique culture acquired by the region during its process of modernization.

 Industrial Heritage, which comprises the context of the region, should be preserved not as a single entity, but to support the succession of the "Narrative." To this end, it is necessary to establish a method of preserving the environment in the surrounding area and passing on the “storage of memories” that existed there, while also considering the exchange of human resources, technology, goods, etc. The purpose of this study is to clarify the kind of "Narrative" that is spun by a locally rooted industrial heritage. In addition, this work endeavors to provide a concrete understanding of the inheritance itself and its relationship with the "space" of the region.

 This research will focus on three Japanese industrial heritages: Kita-ku, Tokyo, and Suzaka city, Nagano and Kiryu city, Gunma. Collect Narrations from three Industrial Heritage volunteer guides to characterize the "Narrative" from Narrations.

 The results of this study are summarized as follows.

 First, it was clarified that the "Episode" forming a "Narrative" can be evaluated from two perspectives, which are the "content of the narration" and the "spatial extent of narrations." The content of the report comprises six parts: Narrations of things, Narrations of science and views, Narrations of military and labor, Narrations of the history of industrial technology, Narrations of human activities and culture, and Narrations of official history. The spatial component of the narrations comprises four categories: “Site-Oriented,” “Semi Site-Oriented,” “Area-Oriented,” and “Not attaced to area.” It was possible to grasp the spatial characteristics of the episode using the above two viewpoints. Therefore, it was found that the spatial characteristics of the episode could be grasped using the following three classifications: "Episodes relating to the particular object", "Episodes relating to the place" and "Episodes without any limitation of an object" by integrating the two viewpoints.

 Second, many of the "Episodes relating to the particular object" included Narrations of things by discussing specific buildings. Many of the "Episodes relating to the place" consisted of Narrations of science and views, Narrations of military and labor, Narrations of history of industrial technology, and Narrations of human activities and culture, for which extensive discussions were conducted on the region. Most of the "Episodes without any limitation of an object" were Narrations of official history. Focusing on the density of the network diagrams in episodes, "Episodes relating to the place" depicted a larger number of dense co-occurrence networks than "Episodes relating to the particular object" and "Episodes without any limitation of an object." Thus, the "Episodes relating to the place" played an important role in forming a detailed "Narrative."

 In recent years, the revitalization and development of traditional industries has been taken into account in the preservation of traditional Chinese villages. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the impact of modernization on traditional industries, such as lifestyle changes, mechanization of production facilities, and tourism development. In this study, we selected Yaotou Village in Shaanxi Province as a research subject, which developed greatly in the traditional pottery industry during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the modernization of the actual status of the production environment of the revitalized traditional pottery industry, methods of making pottery, types and designs, distributions, and sales methods. In addition, its influence on the historical landscape is clarified.

 The following three points of revitalized pottery are clarified by field surveys and interviews with eight potters.

 1) Due to changes in the management form of pottery since its revitalization, the site scale and use of kiln caves have changed from the past, but the spatial structure and architectural style in this region have been inherited.

 2) On the one hand, local soil and production processes have been inherited. On the other hand, pottery facilities, tools, and work-sharing have become reasonable, and the types and designs of pottery have changed to adapt to people’s modern lifestyles.

 3) Potteries in this village are sold and circulated by appropriate methods such as modern communication and tourism.

 In addition, we found that pottery contributes extensively to the preservation of the historical landscape in this village, such as conversion and reuse of related pottery facilities in the conservation of historic buildings, restoration of buildings by using traditional materials and construction methods, and new buildings in harmony with the historical landscape.

 Moreover, we also found that the unique features could be regarded as a cultural landscape, such as smoke from kilns during the production process and the lively atmosphere of the old street due to sales and distribution.

 Since Feed-in Tariff (FIT) started in July 2012 in Japan, photovoltaic power plants have been rapidly increasing throughout the country. One problem of photovoltaic power plants is “non-installed (non-operated) power plants,” which exist even long after certifications from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) have been obtained. This study investigated which location factors are associated with certification and non-operation of photovoltaic power plants, analyzing the location factors (including ordinances, regulations requiring briefings for residents, and social, environmental, and economic factors) of photovoltaic power plants in the Kyushu Electric Power jurisdiction when they obtained certification and started operation.

 The study analyzed 68,682 pieces of certified site data and 233 pieces of municipality data regarding the number of installed photovoltaic power plants in the Kyushu Electric Power jurisdiction, which are provided on the METI website. This study categorized the photovoltaic power plants by voltage class: low, high, and special-high voltage. First, this study applied a Poisson regression model for the number of certified sites by municipality in order to analyze the factor of certifications. Second, this study applied a logistic regression model for logarithm of ratio of operated sites to non-operated sites in order to analyze the factor of installation.

 There were five factors related to certified sites in all voltage classes. Firstly, the number of workers in the secondary industry was related to easier circumstances in obtaining certifications. The average temperature, average solar radiation and the land use of forest were related to the site characteristics of photovoltaic power plants. The last factor was the distance from transmission lines. A farther distance is associated with a higher construction cost for photovoltaic power plants. Although municipalities that have enacted the regulations requesting briefings for residents tended to see a decreased number of certified sites in the high voltage class, there were no such trends in the low and special-high voltage classes.

 On the other hand, an important factor of installed sites across all voltage classes was the number of certified sites in the area. In the low voltage class, non-operated sites tended to be located in municipalities with more certified sites that are farther from transmission lines, have a higher percentage of local operators in the Kyusyu area and workers in primary industries, have more land use of forest, and have regulations that request briefings for residents. In the high voltage class, more certified sites and a higher percentage of workers in secondary industries were related to more installation, though there was no factor related to non-operation. In the special high voltage class, non-operated sites tended to be located in municipalities that had more certified sites and that had enacted or revised ordinances after 2014. This study clarified that municipalities’ ordinances so far have not had as much of an effect as regulations in the certification stage, although they have affected the installation stage after sites have obtained certifications. In the future, ordinances for photovoltaic power plants are expected to affect the certification stage but not in the installation stage. Municipalities should support local operators that are expected to operate power plants for a long period.

 Municipalities should restrict or promote photovoltaic power plants while protecting nature and landscape with urban planning. This study concludes that certifications and installations of photovoltaic power plants are related to their location factors.

 This paper explores housing conditions in regard to the life at home of people with severe physical disabilities (PWD). Within the context of the traditional Japanese welfare system, many PWD live either under their parents’ care or in the institutions. Recently, the country’s new welfare systems have begun providing PWD with caregivers, enabling to live separately from their parents. However, the government has not yet developed a system for improving the housing conditions of PWD at home. This paper demonstrates the importance of housing circumstances surrounding PWD through a questionnaire survey on PWD.

 The responses of 195 PWD were analyzed by chi-square analysis. Respondents were classified into the following three types based on their residence types: living with their parents, living in their own houses separately from their parents, or living in rented houses separately from their parents. The characteristics of these residence types were defined based on the results of the questionnaire survey. Those respondents living with their parents and living in rented houses are similar in many aspects in term of their extent of disability and their living conditions. These types were different from those living in owned houses types in term of the extent of disability-i.e.: depending on whether they were registered disabled youths or adults and whether the cause of the disability was an accident or illness. Further, these aspects affect the PWD’ s economic situation, which in turn affects housing tenure. This study demonstrates that PWD’ s housing tenure in related to the extent of disability. Housing tenure is also connected with the physical housing environment. The rate of accessible houses was higher among owned houses than rented houses. The physical environment of private rented houses is less adaptable to PWD than that of public rented houses. The questionnaire survey revealed that three aspects enable PWD to live comfortably at home: whether the house has passages of sufficient width for wheelchair access, lacks steps indoors, and permits a wheelchair to move from the street to the entrance.

 In conclusion, housing conditions significantly affect the home life of PWD. However, the current housing policies enabling PWD to live separately from their parents are insufficient, and few accessible private rented houses exist. It is therefore hoped that the current study could contribute to improvement of the housing conditions of PWD.

 The term "Gongen-zukuri" is used today as composite shrine building which connected a main sanctuary to a votive offering hall in stone hall or Heiden. However, in the Edo era, the term "Gongen-zukuri" expressed the thing of the structure of the main sanctuary which possessed elements of the Buddhism architecture.

 I clarified this report about conclusion of the term "Gongen-zukuri" as composite shrine building based on primary documents of the Meiji era.

 I checked the process when composite shrine building which connected main sanctuary to votive offering hall in stone-hall or Heiden became the term "Gongen-zukuri". The beginning was able to identify that "Gongen-zukuri" was joined together as a building of Toshogu in Keikichi Ishii "Nihon Butsuji Kenchiku Enkaku Ryakushi". However, the recognition of the form that "Gongen-zukuri" compounded was not shown, and the understanding as structure of the Shinto and Buddhism mixture only was merely shown first.

 Afterwards, Yasushi Tsukamoto tried to understand an element of the Shinto and Buddhism mixture of Toshogu from the placement relations of a temple and corridor. Chuta Ito showed that it was "Gongen-zukuri" that building which there was inside of a corridor changed into the thing which made a main sanctuary, a central palace, a f votive offering hall composition, and was born in the flow that placement of the Shinto shrine main shrine became like a Buddhist monastery.

 In the Meiji era, "Gongen-zukuri" that meant main shrine which possessed elements of the Buddhism architecture originally clarified a process established as a term indicating the compound main sanctuary as above.

 Chapter 1: The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of spatial structures of Go-Okura-syo (Okura-syo established in Go) owned by Kokura Domain in the late Edo period. There were Nakadashi-kura that Tenaga (meaning "hand’s length"; a unit of local administration formed by different villages) used in the Go-Okura-syo and the Go-Okura-syo was formed by both public and private Tenaga. Therefore, it was assumed that this Go-Okura-syo was built differently than other Go-Okura-syo of different domains.

 Chapter 2: Previous researches and the procedure of this study are shown. There were no architectural remains of the Okura available, so it was examined using picture maps and historical papers about Tenaga.

 Chapter 3: Actual spatial structures (site location, how they were built, site enclosure, factors of spatial structures, building arrangement) were shown for each Go-Okura-syo.

 Chapter 4: The regularity of the spatial formation and the type of the building arrangement were determined. Firstly, most of the buildings in the Go-Okura-syo served as a site enclosure, so fences and other types of enclosure were just used partially. Secondly, besides Okura, other components such as an office, which was organized by Sakujikata of the domain, an inspection station, and Nakadashi-kura used by Tenaga were essential to the Go-Okura-syo. A guard house was positioned outside of the enclosure while it was usually established within the site in other domains. Thirdly, the standard type of the building arrangement was an enclosure type. The same applies to other Go-Okura-syo in the subsidiary domains.

 Next, we examined the possible factors of buildings serving as a site enclosure and the reasons why it was enclosed. For the former, it was considered that there was no definite boundary in the Go-Okura-syo, and there was a specific footing called "Okura-Toko" in Okura. Also, using buildings as a site enclosure has an advantage to minimize the burden of making enclosure. Therefore, the existence of Okura-Toko and omitting to create enclosure were cited as the possible factors of using buildings as a site enclosure. For the latter, as a garden was a central area for delivery, they needed to have as wide a garden as possible and it should be the shape with no blind side. Also, to improve the efficiency for transporting rice bales when inspecting and putting them away, the best way was to place all the Kura facing to the garden. As a result, the possible factors for the enclosure were sharing the garden among the domain and Tenaga and collection of agricultural taxes mainly in the garden.

 Chapter 5: In conclusion, it was considered why the Go-Okura-syo in Kokura domain had the characteristic spatial structures. The Go-Okura-syo owned by Kokura domain with the different buildings with different custodians serving as an enclosure was considered a unique case in Japan's Go-Okura-syo.

 In this paper, we took up 20 buildings of Three bay building type from the Yuan and Ming Dynasty in Sichuan Province, and examined their architectural characteristics such as their plane dimensions, structural system, tokyou and climbing beams. The characteristics are summarized as follows.

 1) About the appearance and plane of Three bay type

 Three bay type is generally constructed as a built-up roof tile, with double doors in the middle at the front and thick wall (3 buildings) and thin wall (17 buildings) on both sides and back. The general plane is between the purlin 3 spans and between the crossbeam 3 or 4 spans, and is a square with a side length of about 12 meters to 15 meters. As for the inter-column dimensions, the ratio between the center and side of the front is about 2 to 3 times.

 2) About the span and frame

 Three bay type is based on a girder type in which a tokyou is placed on the pillars and a frame is built using beams and bundles between the pillars. It belongs to the frame form of North and Central China. The interior space has four pillars in the center and eaves with a width of 1 is surrounded around it. In the eaves, it is divided into three types, one-frame, two- frame, and three-frame system, based on the purlin girder span. The Moya is divided into three types, three-frame, four-frame and five-frame. It is common for Three bay type to have a two-frame system for the eaves and a four-frame system for the Moya.

 3) About the tokyou and center-tokyou

 In Three bay type, there are four types of tokyou, 3-stage, 2-stage, 1-stage, and overhanging beam, there are different from the ones on the front, both sides and back. The tokyou arrangement have 4 types. The first one uses a 3-stage on the front and 3-stage, 2-stage, 1-stage, overhanging beam on the both sides and back. The second one uses a 2-stage on the front and 2-stage, 1-stage, overhanging beam on the both sides and back. The third one uses a 3-stage on the front, both sides and back. The fourth one uses a 2-stage on the front, both sides and back.

 4) About the climbing beam and the tail rafter of Tokyou

 Some buildings of Three bay type use curved materials (climbing beams) as structural materials for the Moya and eaves. One is to use a thick diagonal material (tentative name: large climbing beam) assembled in the shape of a palm in the beam direction in the center of the attic of the Moya. The other is to use a curved material (tentative name: small climbing beam) for the tokyou on the side pillar, which connect the tokyou to the Moya girder in the attic of the eaves.

 The topic of this paper is a proposal to build “mobile houses” put forward by American housing researcher/inventor Corwin Willson. In the 1930s, Willson proposed constructing houses on wheels to solve the housing problems of the Great Depression. His design was developed based on tourist trailers, which had grown in popularity at the time. Previous studies have evaluated his proposal for mobile houses as an innovation in the field of prefabrication of buildings. The thought or ideology behind the proposal, however, has not been elucidated in detail. To shed further light on Willson’s thinking, this paper investigates his writings from the 1930s, which are hardly examined in the existing research, with a focus on his magazine articles published in Trailer Travel Magazine, a trailer journal founded in 1936. In these articles, Willson located his proposed mobile houses in a broad historical and social context and discussed advanced issues such as communities of mobile houses, a construction system for mobile houses, and legislations against them.

 In the first two articles, Willson discussed the historical and social positioning of trailers and mobile houses. In his view, their popularity was not a passing fad but an expression of a fundamental desire of the human race: movement. According to him, in the prehistoric age, most human shelters had been mobile. However, they had been superseded by fixed shelters since the beginning of recorded history. Willson also claimed that, in addition to a prehistorical and fundamental character, trailers and mobile houses bore a truly democratic and American character, in contrast to the aristocratic and European one.

 In other articles, Willson discussed advanced issues according to the aforementioned claims. For instance, he suggested the possibility of communities that totally consisted of buildings on wheels: the “Mobiletown.” In his view, this type of community resembled small and productive ancient communities based on hunting and gathering, which were replaced by fixed big cities in later years. His “Mobiletown” would be a renewed version of this type of community assisted by new technologies such as automobiles. Correspondingly, concerning the construction system for mobile houses, he pointed out its similarity to “the ancient democratic engineering techniques.” The construction system was also characterized by the tension principle of tent structure and opposed to the compression principle of monumental buildings.

 In conclusion, Willson’s proposal to build mobile houses was not only the development of prefabrication of buildings, but also a means of social reformation based on the ideological background described above. In this regard, it is possible to consider his proposal as one of the utopian projects under the Great Depression, like Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City. However, in contrast to Wright’s proposal, which was based on agrarian ideals, Willson’s proposal derived its uniqueness from the ideal of mobility freed from the land.

 Our previous research¹⁾ revealed the polymorphism of "Chineseness" that architectural designers envision in their design processes and embody through buildings, taking text descriptions of buildings after 2000 as research material. Following the previous research¹⁾, this research focuses on "Chineseness" in the 1950-1990s when the issue of cultural identity through buildings was frequently discussed as a common agenda in architecture. The objective of this research is to reveal the polymorphism of "Chineseness" in the 1950-1990s and compare the "Chineseness" during these two periods to reveal the changes and investigate the reasons for the changes.

 1. Introduction

 The purpose of this report is to clarify the Japanese gardener Mirei Shigemori’s (1896-1975) garden theory by focusing on the descriptions about “Nature” in his essay Shin-Sakuteiki. Previous researches on Mirei Shigemori are mainly focused on his conception through his eyes. We have focused on the keywords “Nature” and “Modern” and structured their meaning. In this research, we try to clarify his thought with descriptions he has left by exploring his theory about gardening. In Chapter 2, we confirm the position of Shin-Sakuteiki in the descriptions of Mirei Shigemori. In Chapter 3, we focus on words relating to “Nature” in Shin-Sakuteiki. In Chapter 4, we interpret specific discourses related to “Nature.” In Chapter 5, we examine his gardening theory in later years by structuring meaning from the descriptions.

 2. About Shin-Sakuteiki

 Shin-Sakuteiki is an essay in the monthly essay attached to Nihon Teienshi Taikei (“Japanese Garden History Survey.”) The title of it is borrowed from the title of Sakuteiki, which is known as the oldest gardening manual in Japan. Shigemori had quoted Sakuteiki many times in garden research and had taken it up in many literatures. Published over the course of eighteen months, his garden design theory constitutes a deep expression of Shigemori’s later theory.

 3. Positioning of words related to “Nature” in Shin-Sakuteiki

 Shin-Sakuteiki is composed of 201 paragraphs, 6 paragraphs in the “Introduction”, 51 paragraphs in the “Introduction to Main issue, ” and 144 paragraphs in the “Main issue.” Words relating to “Nature” are used very often, in a total of 312 places（“Nature”-256 ; “Mother Nature”-36 ; words implying “Nature”-20.） Thus, we can understand how important the recognition of “Nature” for interpreting Shigemori's garden theory.

 4. Description of “Nature” in Shin-Sakuteiki

 In Shin-Sakuteiki, there is no descriptions of “Super Nature” which exceeding “Nature” and there is the expression “approach to God.” It can be understood that Shigemori's gardening is a behavior involving deification to be close to an approach to God. Furthermore, Shigemori's description is related to the creation of the gardens and emphasizes his relationship with God. “Nature” was not just a garden material, it was the same as the gardener regarded as a reflection of the gardener. As long as the thoughts of the ancient Japanese who worship “Mother Nature” as a god create a garden based on “Nature, ” such is a garden’s starting point.

 5. Conclusion

 Shigemori perceived that creating arrangement of stones in a garden has the same structure as “Iwakura, Iwasaka, ” which the ancient Japanese created. The difference is that people now create “art” for the purpose of “appreciation, ” while forebears created by “intuition.” The result of this report is to show that His way created gardens related to ancient Japanese views about “Nature.” At the same time, it shows the ultimate goal of abandoning distracting thoughts and creating by “intuition.” He connected the history of Japanese gardens with “Iwakura, Iwasaka, ” and positioned gardening as a part of the rituals that were originally introduced in a garden. By focusing on the words relating to “Nature” in Shin-Sakuteiki, it is revealed that Shigemori in his later years, created sacred gardens.

 This paper seeks to clarify the transition of the townscape and the dwelling pattern of Shake-machi (Shinto priest town) of the Kasuga Taisha Shinto Shrine in the pre-modern times through the analyses of the Toma family’s house which was built in the late 18th century and the existent archival materials from Toma family archives. We especially examined the formative process of the dwelling pattern of Negi (the lower-class Shinto priest) in Shake-machi during the Edo era, while paying attention to the difference before and after the Great Fire of Takabatake in 1717. The contents are as follows.

 Introduction.

 1. Spatial composition and the dwelling pattern of Shake-machi at the beginning of the Meiji era.

 The organization of the Kasuga Taisha Shinto shrine was constructed by the two hierarchies of the Shinto priest called Shake (the upper-class) and Negi（the lower-class）. They lived in the north and south settlements separately. The north (Noda) declined, and the south (Takabatake) developed in the Edo era and 21 Shake and 93 Negi families lived in Takabatake in 1872. The houses of Negi were aligned along both sides of the main street there. Their dwelling lots of Tanzakugata-jiwari (Strip shaped land allotment) were divided into three types of the frontage dimensions (Narrow3ken/Middle5ken /Wide7-10ken). Middle and wide types accounted for most of their dwelling lots.

 2. Changing process of Shake-machi in the pre-modern times and its dwelling pattern.

 In 1698, 30 Shake and 205 Negi families (double in 1872) lived in Takabatake and more over there were many Negi families which did not own their dwellings but were the tenants. Negi families did not only conduct exclusively religious services but also worked as actors, craftsmen and merchants like common people of the city. Therefore, the dwelling pattern of Negi was similar to Machiya (traditional town house of common people) style. Half of the Shake-machi was burned down in the Great Fire of Takabatake in 1717. Small Negi families without possessions or wealth were overwhelmed, and it was estimated that the new dwelling lots of a large frontage size increased by integrating their narrow dwelling lots after the Great Fire in 1717 and the new townscape with the dignity as Shake-machi was reconstructed by the sequence of the large frontage of mud walls and front gates along the street.

 3. Architectural characteristics of the house of Toma Family who was the Negi and its reconstructive study.

 Toma family’s house is surrounded by Tsuijibei (mud wall with a roof) with Yakui-mon Gate on its north side, and the main building has the large gable roof and Shikidai (the formal entrance). These features show the high formality of an influential Negi family. According to the reconstructive study, it was revealed that Toma family’s house had been built in the late 18th century and the 2rows×3rooms plan with the earthen floor passage was originally the1row×3rooms plan connecting the lower ridge style Zashiki (2rooms). It resembles to the old Machiya of Nara-machi in the late 18th century. In this way, it is worthy of notice that Negi family’s house had been developed from Machiya style by the reduction of small Negi families and the integration of their dwelling lots after the Great Fire of Takabatake in 1717.

 Conclusion.