In order to develop a means to assess the effectiveness of some design elements for preventing upper floor tire spread, such as window geometry and arrangement of eaves above windows, possibility of scaling of window jet plume temperature distribution by means of a nondimensional temperature was explored. Experiments were conducted using two geometrically similar setups having different sizes to investigate the applicability of the nondimensional temperature to various conditions. It was found that the nondimensoinal temperature is independent of size and fire temperature but is uniquely determined only by geometrical conditions, that is, it is possible to predict real scale window jet plume temperatures based on the results of reduced scale experiments.

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Analysis based on the integral equation method is useful to predict the sound field of a large enclosure such as a concert hall at low frequencies. In such cases, however, it is difficult to decide the boundary condition of audience seats because that has complicated shape and multiple materials. In this paper it is proposed that audience seats are approximated by the smooth surface which has unique impedance. Two- dimensional numerical calculation is carried out and some results are presented. So, it is found that such approximation is useful at low frequencies.

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Full scale measurements for heating and cooling load in the super-insulated and air-tightened houses, located in mild climate area, with imitative occupancies, lighting fixtures and household equipment were conducted in order to clarify the energy efficiency and the feasibility for the peak cut of the electric power consumed by air conditioners in a summer afternoon. Heat loads and electric power consumption of the air conditioners were compared between 4 dwellings with various building performance, built up in the same site. The first report of the research describes the outline of a experimental condotions, time schedule of heat gains, control system for imitative heat and humidity sources, measuring system and clarifies the seasonal cooling load reduction and feasibility for peak cutback of the electric power consumption of air conditioners, maintaining the comfort thermal condition, in super-insulated and air-tightened houses.

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Long term measurements of thermal environment in an experimental atrium under the cooling condition and natural ventilation have been carried out. The results are obtained as following. (1)When the supply openings are installed close to the floor under the cooling condition, highly stable temperature stratification is observed in the atrium, because vertical air flow is greatly suppressed in the space above the supply opening. (2)Natural ventilation driven by stack effect becomes weak, when the roof glass is covered with sun shade. (3)The convective heat transfer from the steel flames is a major factor of heat gain to the interior space.

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Moisture has large influence on durability of houses, on moisture problems in a crawl space or basement, and also on energy conservation. Hygroscopic materials are getting much attention in this respect, several new materials are being developed. This paper proposes practical identification method of moisture properties of hygroscopic materials. Results are as follows: 1) Approximation by exponential function series to determine balancing weight of hygroscopic materials are discussed. 2) As a case study, sorption curve of diatomite tile, is evaluated by simplified transient absorption and desorption experiment. 3) Parameter identification method to determine vapor conductivity are discussed. Vapor conductivity obtained by the method is not only influenced by surface moisture transfer coefficient, but also significantly influenced by the coefficient of temperature gradient of moisture capacity, especially at the beginning of absorption process.

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The aim of this study is to determine the criteria for the wall structures in cold region where fibrous thermal insulation materials are used, by measuring the hygrothermal condition of the full size specimen wall which modeling the execution defects of thermal insulation and vapor barrier. From the experiment results, the wall with air convection in the cavity has possibility to make condensation at the bottom of the wall. It is clarified that an attic space, wall cavities and a crawl space must be separated to avoid air flow connections among them. Vapor barrier installed continuously, and ventilated air space are also effective to keep from making condensation in the insulated wall cavity.

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The amount of direct solar radiation incident upon the body surface can be calculated, if the area of the human body projected sunwards is known. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the projected area of the human body at standing posture under different clothing conditions. The projected areas of eleven subjects were measured from various angles and azimuths by the use of a photographic method. The following fire clothing conditions are adopted: an undergarment, a short sleeve shirt and shorts, a short sleeve shirt and trousers, a suit, a suit and a court. The projected area factors under each condition were drawn in the charts. As a result, it was 1.1 times and 1.4 times for the short sleeve shirt and shorts and for the suit and the court compared with the case of the undergarment, respectively.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the evaluation structure of inhabitants for present conditions and improvement plans of a river. We studied the relation of recreational uses, evaluations of river environment, interest in river improvement and preference for river improvement. In the three areas; the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Seno River running through the East of Hiroshima City, we carried out the survey using questionnaires with the six pictures of present conditions and the ten kind of improvement plans for the river. As the results, we showed that the inhabitants having high evaluation for existing river environment prefer artificial improvement plans and having low evaluation prefer natural conditions.

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In this study, a survey of the irrigation canals in urban area of Yamagata City was carried out to revaluate the environmental effect from the view point of landscape and sound environment. Many canals, which are still flowing and murmuring, have been observed. But also many canals have been altered to concrete canals and culvert style canals under the influence of urbanization which has rapidly progressed after 1955, and the scenery has been destroyed and murmuring is disappearing by that. In these canals, the old style canals built of natural stones was superior not only for landscape but also for making murmuring.

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To grasp significant air temperature rising in urban areas, so-called Heat Island, a series of field measurements were carried out. In the measurements turbulent fluxes were mainly observed based on the Eddy Correlation Method with net radiation rate and other fundamental meteorological elements. Those were acquired in both urban and suburban data stations built up on a penthouse simultaneously and sequentially during typical summer days in 1997. In urban area much sensible heat fluxes were observed compared with suburban data. A significant relationship between latent heat flux and precipitation was confirmed. Results of time series analysis and the influences of anthropogenic heat generation on the sensible heat flux were discussed. The assumption of Monin-Obukhov Similarity was validated using obtained data, which is not exactly appropriate in the urban area.

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The current method of house interior design needs a new interpretation and paradigm corresponding to the contemporary user needs. This study investigates what theoretical framework of the interior design is prevalent and should be anticipated in the future by analysing the description in the generally available books both technical and not technical. We found the eight technical elements of interior design through two kinds of research, as the first the reasoning from the specialists' opinion published in their writings and as the second the analysis of the table-of-contents and its descriptions published in the selected books.

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Now analyzing the change of behavior at centering common use rooms (living rooms), we intended to get the guiding principle of the future condition of dwelling unit plan accompanies with enlargement of its scale. We clarified the followings, that is, the numbers of behavior in the common use rooms, mainly the individual behavior, seemed to have the tendency to decrease as life stages advanced, and the tendency of decreasing had the relation with the characteristics of plan of dwelling units, and specially the more the bed rooms in the open regions increased the stronger the tendency became.

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We will focus on the successive extended families who live in the separate houses on a same lot. The following are the findings obtained from our field survey conducted in three towns. 1) Almost all of the older couples live in the main house or omoya, which, in Hirosima, has the family's celemony rooms or tsuzukima. Most young couples live in smaller houses separated from the main house. The rest live upper floors of the storage or of main houses. These small houses have their own kitchen and toilet. The young couples can have separated daily lives from the older people. 2) More than half of the old people live in houses as big as those of the young couples, in Kagoshima. Both of these houses have their own living equipments. The rest live in smaller houses separated from those of the young couples. A small number of these two types of older people live in the houses on separate lots. Most of the older people live separately from the young couples.

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This study is a part of a series of studies aiming at establishment of planning technique to make the common space in nursing homes more active and varied. In this study we analyzed speech of testees in search of space with Activity and Relaxation in nursing homes, then clarified what objects they spoke about, and evaluated as active or relaxing. Moreover we picked up the factors of Activity and Relaxation in the objects which testees set their eyes on, and then clarified the relation between the factors and evaluation of Activity and Relaxation.

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This is a quasi-experimental study to investigate eye fixation behavior in senile elderly(n=7) and mentally retarded(n=11) groups, in comparison with normal group(n=12). Subjects viewed a series of 8m/m movies of a wayfinding intersection under different conditions such as "basis", "melody", "verbal instruction" and "flashing". The results are summarized as follow: 1) The range of fixations and scan paths in both the senile elderly and mentally retarded group is more limited and biased to the center of presenting figures than that in the control group. Therefore, the senile elderly and mentally retarded group tend to fail to fixate on important visual objects for wayfinding. 2) But, the two groups have the most fixation points and much duration on the traffic signal under "flashing" among the four conditions. 3) Eye fixation behavior of the two groups is enhanced by the visual information being less in number and simplified. 4) Therefore, we infer that the level of visual perception in the senile elderly and the mentally retarded groups can be raised by not only "flashing" of signal but also simplifying the visual information at traffic intersections.

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This paper aims at obtaining the effective knowledge in architectural planning for the section of the early education in the deaf schools founded for the chirdren of 0-5 years old having disability in auditive sense through the analysis of the learning style. Also in the results of the analysis, the following characteristics in the early education in the deaf schools were to be noticed. 1) Hearing impaired young children's mothers who should play important role in daily guidance participate in the activity as members of the learning mass in almost all the schools. 2) Therefore as a learning mass, the fundamental learnig mass is formed by the hearing impaired young children+the mother+teachers. 3) Based on the said fundamental learning mass in 0-2 years old section, guidance for the individuals and groups is made. 4) In 3-5 years old section, including the guidance for individuals conducted in the said fundamental learning mass and the taking-out learning, the auditory learning by forming a variety of learning masses large, middle, and small in scale is in execution.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the visual characteristics in concert halls. We prepare for the investigating form on halls to evaluate the relationship with the orchestra, audiences, and the general impression of seats' environment and so on at various seats in four halls of typical planning. And we made psychological analysis, calculation of four parameters, the correlation analysis of psychological evaluation and physical quantities and the analysis of the arrangement of seats. As a result, we clarify that the psychological characteristics, lead to the guideline for the design and evaluation by visual characteristics and clarify the characteristics for the arrangement of seats by the guideline in concert halls.

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From the latter Meiji era to the beginning of the Showa era, the space between stage and auditorium goes foward two dipromatic directions in Japanese theatre with getting of the high position in the process from a diplomacy to an amusement than before. These directions in the Kabuki theatre begin with Shingeki. Kabuki theatre and Shingeki theatre have different ways each other. That is synbolized by Hanamihci, Lighting of FOH(front of house) and kuppelhorizont.

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The aim of this study is to analyze the relation of visual cognition and informational space through the video of wayfinding experiments which held at two general hospitals with the assumption of first-visit patients. From the series of video pictures, the visual cognition has been classified into "looking in the face" and "looking about". It has been cleared that the visual cognition during the wayfinding behavior in hospital is related to the view from the starting point and its position, to the spatial information like reception desk, void space and open-type stairs, to the size, the number and the position of signs, and to the knowledge of each subjects.

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This study aims to verify the patient's places to stay for their waiting time in waiting area of o.p.d in old hospital(OH) and replaced hospital(RH). The average of points to items of POE in RH is over the average of OH. However, the item of "Number of Seats" is evaluated unsatisfactory in spite of maximum 50% occupancy of seats. The structural difference of getting the places by patients can be explained from the result of comparative analyses of their behavior. In the planning of common space, it is needed to provide the physical settings to which meanings for each patient is added in details. The lack of these physical setting and places can be pointed in RH.

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This paper discuses a method and a system of generating a dimensioned line plan from a plane graph which represents a house floor plan. The features of the method is as follows. 1) First, the system calculates standard area of each room on the basis of the areas which are given by the user. Then the rooms are represented by squares with standard areas, and "connection", "movement" and "deformation" of rooms are operated in order to satisfy the neighboring relationship. 2) After all the rooms are connected, the shape of a corridor is adjusted so as to the width is fixed. Finally, the external shape of the plan is adjusted. It is confirmed that it is promising to apply this method on a CAAD system which generates house floor plans automatically.

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This paper analyzes the human behavior in the Shindo7 area by the house-types made up from a questionnaire survey of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. There were differences between the behavior in a wooden detached house and behavior in an apartment house, mainly constructed by steel or reinforced concrete. And the meanings in the selected behavior items corresponded to the characteristics of the house-types. Disaster measures and training methods have to be prepared by the each house-type.

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This study aims to search for a general development policy and fundamental theory about living environmental planning in solitary islands. First, we evaluate effect of the development project on regional industrial development and frail finances of municipalities in Amami archipelago. Second, we find the living condition in solitary island from viewpoint of the trait about dynamics of population and sphere of life in rural community as a unit in Setouchi town, Amamiohshima. Finally, we establish "Networking small sphere of life " as a model of island's planning.

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The city of Patan in Kathmandu Valley has been one of the regional centres of the Buddhist culture from early times of its history and Buddhist monasteries abound in all the quarters of the city. These Buddhist monasteries, known as bahals, are the socio-religious centres of the resident community. This paper presents a morphological analysis of one of such settlement quarters and analyses on how the settlement developed in temporal and spatial dimensions demonstrating that the housing clusters are organised with bahals as the nucleus of the settlement. It also makes an analysis on the formation of large bahal community courts which represent a significant stage in the development of the bahal architecture and the urban form of the Kathmandu Valley towns.

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This paper discusses the basic property of the quantitative criterion for advantage of position, and shows an application. This position is on street network, and this criterion is theoretical value which is calculated as igenvector corresponding to the maximum igenvalue of the adjacent matrix of which elements are weighted by hierarchy of streets. This application study on a small city of Yamaga makes it clear that these theoretical value is useful for explaining the state of urban structure, and prove that advantage of position is important factor of leading urban development.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate improvement of living environment in K-district of Kitakyushu city from the view point of the environmental transition and the transformation of the vernacular living values which are respected as the residents' honour and fascination of the district. Road system, planned and improved by the city authority, contributes the escalation of the physical values and the vanity of the traditional living culture on the alley. Physical environments had been improved greatly, but vernacular living values had been tended to decline through the improvement because they are in trade-off relation. Therefore it is necessary for improvement of living environment to has "environmental education for residents" and "Resident's autonomous creation of the living environments".

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This study clarifies the roles of district planning system and building agreement as management rules of living environment at planned detached houses area and evaluation of them by residents. Most of the detached houses area, which are planned with careful consideration on landscape and living environment, are applied either district planning system or building agreement. The residents give preferable evaluation on the district planning system or building agreement. They feel that it is going to be more important to introduce new rules on renovation and rehabilitation of houses and way of living. Accordingly, the rules should cover wider fields regarding living environment.

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At 5:46 a.m. on January 17th, 1995, the worst disaster in postwar Japan changed Kobe. The ratio of the Kobe Government's houses destroyed by fire came to 98.9% in all of the burned out area. The reason for this is that it was a man-made disaster compared with the direst course of this great earthquake. As it turned out, the houses and other buildings densely packed in the narrow streets in the city center may have been the main factor of this Kobe urban disaster. Therefore, we feel that it would be good to improve the realizability of regional disaster prevention. This paper examines a report on districts suffering damage, and various analysis of building types derived from aerial photogrammetric surveying, Urban geographic information system and remote sensing in Kobe city, all of which must be taken into account in the determination of districts at risk before an earthquake occurs.

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We discuss the problems in the reconstruction process of housing area, heavily damaged by the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. We choose Sumiyoshi-area and analyze the transfigurations of this area before and after the earthquake through periodical field work survey and existing sources. Before the quake there exist problems as follows ; the mixture of detached houses and large RC condominiums and small timber apartment houses, the existence of some highly dense blocks with very narrow paths inside, many small lots and lots without appropriate accesses. Two years after the earthquake, October 1996, the reconstruction process of this area is revealing the hidden problems before the earthquake.

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This paper discusses the spatial pattern of the urban tissue of the walled city of Lahore, Pakistan, especially the urban quarters called mohallas, kuchas, galis, and katras. The walled city consists of a lot of streets, most of which have dead ends. The primary and secondary streets making urban blocks are called bazars, and small alleys inside the block are called kuchas, galis, and katras each of which has their own name and forms a small urban quarter. Its boundary encloses houses facing the alley. There are other some larger quarters called mohallas which include some kuchas and galis, some part of its boundary is set on bazars. The word mohalla and kucha are originally from Arabic and Persian language, while gali and katra from Hindi. There have been the tradition of so to speak street-core-quarter both in India and Islamic countries. We clarified the fact that the caste system was introduced into urban quarters and conclude that the pattern of the urban quarter in Lahore is overlaid with both Indian and Islamic patterns.

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The SHIMODERA-NITTO Improved Dwellings were built by a slum clearance program before World War II. They are the only buildings that still remain. The object of this study is first to place these dwellings as the historically important program in urban planning, and second to analyze the drastic changing of living space by extension, called "DASHIYA". This study made it clear that this dwellings were a model of housing policy in Osaka before the War, and that under the special restriction dwellers extended house for the purpose of improving the small house to adapt to changing of life style.

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"Toku-Yu-Chin" housing(Special Rented Housing for Regional Needs) rent is set based on market housing rent. I attempt to explain the characteristics of market rent through analyses of "Toku-Yu-Chin" rent. This study analyzes the relation between rent per square meter and housing size, stories, distance from the nearest station and other factors of "Toku-Yu-Chin" houses let in Tokyo ward in fiscal year 1995. This paper found that rent per square meter was in inverse proportion to housing size, distance from the nearest station and was in proportion to house stories. This paper also concluded that because there exists an upper limit to tenants' payable rent level, it puts limit to rent setting.

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This study is based on the findings of questionnaire investigations of the co-operative housing residents carried out on two occasions, in 1980 and 1997, in two co-operative housings. The actual conditions in which the evaluation in the group formed by the public enterprises from the residents side were analyzed. This was followed by the consideration of the role and the problem accomplished to the community creation of the co-operative method. The findings indicated that in the case of living environment-making by co-operative method of the group formed by public enterprises, there was a tendency characteristic in creating the community.

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This paper traces some links between frame and roof truss via the town-houses in Kyoto of Edo-Meiji period. Frame has pillars and.beams. Roof truss has purlins, ridgepole and rafters. The town-houses has two walls, Doma-side wall and Yukaue-side wall, and has the line between the two. On Doma-side and Yukaue-side wall, pillars line up half of a Ken interval and bear up purlins and ridgepole. On the line between the two big pillar 'Daikoku' bears up purlin or ridgepole. In this manner every pillar bears up purlins or ridgepole. Thus frame and roof truss doesn't separate in the town-houses.

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Tsuruoka was the capital of Shonai-Han. Yudagawa was a hot spring spot and Fujishima was a stage on the way from Tsuruoka to Edo. Ocha-ya was built in each town in Edo-Era. Through the examination of historical materials, following results are ascertained; (1)The main part of Ocha-ya was composed of lord's rooms and retainer's rooms. (2)Adjoining private house was attached to Ocha-ya and used as a cookroom. (3)Yudagawa Ocha-ya was built for the use of the mission from the Central Covernment. Tsuruoka Ocha-ya was abolished because of financial difficulties of Shonai-Han.

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The focus of this investigation is the identification, analysis, and interpretation of a significant building type of the Japanese immigrants that served as a critical indicator for social change: the Japanese Buddhist temple. The earliest of the four distinct Buddhist temple styles to evolve in Hawaii, what can be identified as the "Plantation Style", began in the later 19th century and early 20th century when the Japanese immigrants first arrived in large numbers to work the sugar plantations. The "Plantation Style" marks the beginning of an established organization in the Japanese community during a time of struggle and uncertainty. The "Plantation Style" utilized a simple technology consisting of tongue-and-groove boards assembled in "single wall" method based on the humble housing provided for the workers by sugar companies. This thesis defines the "Plantation Style" type through the definition of its design characteristics, including plan and scale, structural characteristics, material use, and decoration. In order to clearly illustrate these design characteristics, the analysis of three built examples is presented here; the Lawai Shingon Mission (1926), the Holualoa Shingon Mission (1927), and the Wainaku Jodo Mission(1917).

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Mamoru YAMADA, a well known architect of Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and a founder member of Bunnri-ha school(the Japanese Secession), presented "A PROJECT OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGE OFFICE" in the "Architectural Works of Bunnri-ha" published as a memorial issue of the Second exhibition of this school in 1921. This Paper clarify that the Project is the one for the western annexe of Osaka central Telephone Office, and it is not the whole Yamada's original design but one of the systematic designs by the architecture section of the Ministry. With these facts, we characterize Yamada's architectural activities at the time.

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Few scholars agree on how to explain the "Dimensional Inconsistencies" of the Plan of St. Gall. Werner Jacobsen has recently showed a solution that the figures which were written on the Plan to define architectural dimensions were the direct suggestion for the actual construction of the monastery church of St. Gall. And the pinholes which Jacobsen has discovered on the church drawing made clear that the church on the Plan was designed according to the "Square Schematism."

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The purpose of this study is to make factors of housing developments on waterfronts. First, this manuscript grasps the value of waterfront for living environment and suggest how to plan with factors there. As doing investigation in Yatsu Park Town which is adjacent to Yatsu tideland, Yashio Park Town which is adjacent to Keihin canal and Okawabata River City 21 which is adjacent to Sumida river, the effective answer of 923 was voted. As a result, it is important to secure the view and the influence which residents are able to feel on the waterfront, and they contribute to improve in living environment of housing developments on waterfronts.

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The following two points should be discussed; 1) Takemiya should make clear his purpose and result of the methodology, to improve the methodology of reading spaces and spatial images on texts. 2) Takemiya should make clear his own stance to references, to improve the academic development in the field.

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The answers to Ikeda's questions are as follows. 1) The purpose of methodology in my paper is to put to the test the methods which include Ikeda's method to understand the features of interaction between patient and his family under palliative care and physical environment in Palliative Care Unit. As a result, the opssibilities and limits of the methods are confirmed. 2) Some inappropriate expressions on references in the previous paper are corrected.

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