Introduction

 Le Corbusier (1987-1965) is widely known for his concepts and methods of architectural design such as the Five Points of Architecture, Brise Soleil, Modulor, etc. An overview of Le Corbusier's work from the perspective of environmental considerations reveal examples of architectural ingenuity integrated into a design to control the environment. When Le Corbusier began his career as an architect, he intended to use natural lighting and ventilation to improve the environment and health in densely populated urban areas in the early 20th century. However, the architectural innovations such as natural lighting and ventilation, and the expression of cross-sectional diagrams may have had a considerable impact on the passive design that became popular in later years.

 Methods:

 This study examines features related to architectural planning and environmental control such as spatial features and the composition of the horizontal continuous window surround in Le Corbusier's "Une Petite Maison". In addition, the thermal and light environment produced by simulation software for the main rooms will be examined. It will reveal the relationship between Le Corbusier's architectural ingenuity and environmental control over the environment and some of the thinking that led to contemporary passive design which was active in an era before the building performance of the outer skin and equipment was inadequate and the energy was plentiful and stable.

 Results:

 1) The features related to architectural planning and environmental control such as the configuration around the horizontal continuous windows in the main space was identified. The building consisted of hollow brick, concrete block and concrete with a constant thermal capacity, and no insulation was used.

 2) The soil for the rooftop greening was found to have a certain level of insulation performance. The expansion and contraction of the space by opening and closing fittings and movable partitions was confirmed to have an effect on room temperature control. Furthermore, the use of shutters and curtains slightly reduced the temperature drop at night. It was also shown that the shutter box attached to the outside is effective as a sunshade in summer, but prevents the temperature rise inside the room in the middle of the year and in winter in this area.

 3) The horizontal windows allowing the light to enter uniformly and the reflected light from the white window sills on the windows has a certain effect on the indoor lighting environment. It was also confirmed that the effect of the eave-shaped shutter boxes on solar radiation shielding is minimal. The combination of a continuous horizontal window and window sill without shelter is also seen in later works.

 In this study, the intention and effect of controlling the indoor environment by means of “roof terrace” to improve thermal insulation, architectural planning devices such as spatial arrangement and expansion and contraction of space by opening and closing fittings, and “the free plan” were confirmed. On the light environment, it was clarified that a good light environment was created by “the horizontal continuous window” and innovations around the windows.

 Some of the Five Points of Architecture, devised as principles of the international style, also have aspects as architectural devices to enhance the indoor environment, and they seem to encompass the concept of a useful passive design approach that should be reconsidered from an environmental design standpoint when thinking about contemporary design practices.

 In Japan, more than 50 years have passed since the development of New Towns, and problems such as population decline have occurred. In Hokkaido, there are nine New Towns with new housing development projects, and three New Towns are geographically deficient, for example by being physically distant from the main nearby city. Problems such as population decline are considered likely to occur in these geographically deficient New Towns. On the other hand, these New Towns have the advantage of plentiful public housing. Because public housing is a relocation destination for a large number of residents, the population can be maintained by making good use of the beneficial characteristics of public housing.

 The purpose of this study is to identify the factors leading to population maintenance in New Towns whose locations are remote from their main nearby cities. Specifically, the factors of relocation within New Towns are apprehended through a study of municipal housing in Hakuchodai New Towns in Muroran, Hokkaido.

 The research method is as follows.

 1) With Muroran City divided into nine districts, inhabitant questionnaires were conducted regarding their living environment evaluation and subsequent resettlement.

 2) The particular conditions of relocation were researched, and the age and type of each relocated household were investigated along with the relocation destination.

 3) The factors of easy relocation were investigated in view of real estate using two years of real estate data in Muroran.

 The results of the study are as follows.

 1. Both working and elderly generations of inhabitants evaluated the living environment in remote areas as poor, especially in terms of location convenience. Many such inhabitants also showed a strong intention to relocate.

 2. However, most of the actual relocations in the Hakuchodai are initiated by the working generation, including many relocations to detached houses. Many of these detached houses do not represent new construction. Such housing tends to be similar across all districts of the city.

 3. Questionnaire responses received from households that actually relocated to detached houses showed that cheapness of housing is emphasized rather than convenience of location.

 4. Since there is a strong tendency to seek existing detached houses, the conditions for obtaining such houses are evaluated from the viewpoint of real estate. Land prices and properties representing existing construction are cheaper in Hakuchodai than in other areas. As a result, Hakuchodai is one of the areas with the highest percentage of occupancy of existing construction.

 5. Considering the above, it is important to focus on the geographic distribution of public housing in population maintenance planning for Hakuchodai. For example, policies that facilitate relocation through public housing or acquisition of existing detached houses would help generate positive results for the continuing settlement of New Towns.

 By the attention to the medical corporation that developed the enterprise of day care and preventive measures for health by repairing the wooden house, this paper aims at verifying the possibility of the practical use of traditional wooden houses as the welfare facilities for the elderly based on the analysis of the repair contents and usage. The day service center "DANKE" is the facility repaired Machiya covering aged people requiring care. Day service center "SHIEN" is the facility repaired the old samurai residence covering a cognitively impaired elderly person. With a preventive health care facility "BITTE" repaired the independent residence of Showa prewar period, the short-time day care service for the elderly required support and the "salon" and "orange cafe" covering local residents are held. By the action observation and record of user and staff's place and act contents of each facility for three days at intervals of 5 minutes, the usage features were grasped (2018.6-11).

 The results are as follows.

 1) In case of the old samurai residence or independent residence of Showa prewar period, If two functional training rooms are securable with repairing the living room and reception room, or if it is available to repair a continuous two room with the size of about 16-20 quires, and to use as the functional training room, the room usage composition of two spheres is available and the precedence preparation and settlement work are materialized, and the smooth facility management is expected. So It is the theme to situate as the main point of selection of the architecture which serves as a candidate of facilities and the repair design.

 2) Because the town house or farmhouse consist of earthen floor and floor above the earth level so the level difference of the floor in dwelling is large, if it uses as the welfare facilities for the elderly, it is difficult to disorganize the level difference of all the floors. If earthen floor room is repaired and used as the functional training room, the possibility that the level difference with the Japanese-style room of tatami will limit the utilization of Japanese-style room is high. On the other hand, in case of the frontage of earthen floor is narrow, and tatami room is used as functional training room, the equipment for rise and fall is indispensable and staff's care is indispensable also, and the possibility that earthen floor room will not be used for any usages other than passage is high. Therefore, the scrupulous examination assumed usage in the repair plan making stage is important.

 In the planning and design of shared space for a senior citizens' living facility, the elimination of blind spots helps caregivers to watch over users, but users do not feel comfortable. On the other hand, privacy makes it difficult for caregivers to watch over them.

 Thus, there is a trade-off between nursing care and living in the shared space of housing for the elderly, and it is necessary to resolve the conflicting demands of the nursing care side and the resident side. Then, what kind of floor plan we should use to realize a space where caregivers can watch over the caregivers and users can spend their time calmly and comfortably?

 We aim to plan the shared space of the housing for the elderly in consideration of both caregivers and users.

 Specifically, we transformed the plan form of the shared space and created several candidates. The visibility of each is described by the visibility analysis (mainly isovist analysis), discussing what is the appropriate visibility in the shared space, and showing the plan with more appropriate visibility.

 The findings of this study are as follows.

 1. Based on previous studies, we summarized the appropriate visibility of shared spaces for users as (i) "being able to hide from the view of others" and (ii) "small scales close to residences" and expressed them as quantitative visibility.

 2. We summarized the visibility of shared space appropriate for caregivers from previous studies as (iii) "having at least one place where you can see it" and expressed it as quantitative visibility.

 3. We proposed the following methods for planning and designing based on visibility. 1) Setting the floor plan model. 2) Enumeration of the combinations of segments. 3) Selection of an appropriate combination of segments by examining the visible amount in frontage width and overlap width. 4) Decision of the variables of the constraint. 5) Reduction of combinations using the cumulative probability of visible quantities. 6) How to select a solution.

 4. We obtained the combination of effective segmentation for the floor plan model. As a result, we found that the shared space with appropriate visibility for both the caregiver and the user was neither unsegmented nor maximally segmented. It was an adjustment of the positional relationship and frontage distribution with moderate segments such as 2 and 3 segments.

 5. In order to plan a space that enables ones to hide from the view of others, it should split into LDKs with different floor plan dimensions. We aim at a space with various visible quantities by making the visible quantities closer to a uniform distribution.

 6. In order to provide a sense of scale close to that of a house, it is advisable to prepare the LDK part with a small frontage in the Positional relationship not too close and not too far apart with other LDK parts.

 7. In order to create at least one place where there is a view, it is better to create a large-sized portion of LDK or layout separate LDK in overlapping positions.

 Unit type nursing home for the elderly need to meet many facility standards. These standards may hinder a new attempt and renovation for unit type. The focus of this research is the standard of the proximity between the living room and the bedrooms because this standard is the main factor that limits the layout plan configuration in the unit. In the layout planning, not only the designer but also the municipal welfare departments that judge the plan is involved.

 The purpose of this study is to clarify the restrictions imposed by municipal welfare departments on the layout plan in unit type nursing home for the elderly. A survey of public documents and telephone interviews are conducted with 121 municipalities and analyzed. The number of official documents collected are 74 (61.2%), and the valid answers for interviews are 105 (86.8%).

 Restrictions on layout plans in units based on facility standards are classified into six types according to the combination of "adjacency rule" and "division of living room". That half of the municipalities restrict facilities, where living rooms are independent become clear from the result. On the other hand, the four municipalities do not impose any restrictions based on the facility standard, indicating that there are regional differences. Most municipalities do not publish restrictions on the layout plan, and the opacity of information is an issue to be solved.

 Also, positive and negative thoughts on the hall type, and the reasons, situations of the announcement, and influence on the layout plan are analyzed. Of the 14 municipalities that positively consider the hall type, 2 municipalities directly demand the hall type from the designer. Other municipalities, though not energetically demanding, may have indirectly affected the plan configuration. In addition, one municipality clearly shows that it is not legally binding, while describing it along with the reasons for taking it negatively. The selection criteria for open recruitment should be specified in the open recruitment materials so that they are not confused with the criteria for legally enforceable ordinances.

 Requests regarding the living environment described in the public documents are also analyzed, and the contents are clarified. Describing these requests about the living environment is one of the effective ways to improve the quality of the facilities in the area. However, of the 74 municipalities collected, only 9 municipalities described it in official documents.

 Buildings with high publicity, such as welfare facilities for the elderly, need to ensure a certain level of quality, but at the same time must improve the quality of each individual. For that purpose, the municipalities must first accurately describe the current policy in the materials and indicate it to the designers. Based on this, it is necessary to discuss each plan flexibly with designers and deepen mutual understanding.

 The aim of this study is to present a model for urban housing by investigating the dwelling style in which various facilities for daily living are linked; we did so based on an investigation of the residential use of GOSIWON(Quasi-housing) in Seoul. We attempted to clarify the current distribution of GOSIWON in Seoul, the living conditions in GOSIWON, and their locational characteristics in GOSIWON-dense areas. First, we intended to confirm the changes in the distribution of GOSIWON in Seoul. Second, we classified the scale of GOSIWON in Seoul. Third, we examined the type and distribution of GOSIWON in GOSIWON-dense areas with respect to regional characteristics.

 We undertook the following steps. (1) Using data related to GOSIWON by Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters, we confirmed the overall situation regarding GOSIWON in Seoul since 2010 to 2015. (2) To determine the scale of GOSIWON there, we analyzed the registration information of buildings containing GOSIWON. We categorized the type of GOSIWON by comparing the total floor area of the building (data obtained from ledgers) with the area of the GOSIWON. (3) To assess the characteristics of GOSIWON-dense areas in Seoul, we used a list of GOSIWON and created a distribution map. With that, we were able to confirm the location of GOSIWON-dense areas. We clarified the characteristics of such areas by comparing the distribution and the type of GOSIWON from step 2.

 The number of GOSIWON in Seoul increased more than 1.5 times over a 5-year period starting in 2010. There was an increasing trend in all 25 districts of Seoul; however, the concentration in Gwanak-gu, Dongjak-gu, Gangnam-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Seodaemun-gu, and Yeongdeungpo-gu was particularly conspicuous. The situation was similar in Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, but there were large-scale GOSIWON in Noryangjin-dong, Dongjak-gu. We also confirmed that there were more facilities dedicated exclusively to GOSIWON in Noryangjin-dong than in other areas.

 In Sillim-dong, which has the largest number of GOSIWON, facilities with GOSIWON of the same size were widely distributed. In Noryangjin-dong, facilities for exclusive use of GOSIWON of various sizes and combined facilities were densely distributed in a relatively small area. By contrast, Yeoksam-dong and other areas were unlike Sillim and Noryangjin-dong in that a relatively small number of large GOSIWON were broadly distributed.

 In GOSIWON-dense areas, there were no significant differences in the private space in GOSIWON, but there were differences in the shared spaces within GOSIWON. Notably, in Noryangjin-dong, there were many GOSISAENG (examinee of public employee examination); they had study spaces in addition to common areas, such as a kitchens and toilets.

 We next intend to examine the actual use of regional facilities related to daily life. Our aim is to clarify the use of GOSIWON by residents of GOSIWON-dense areas.

 Nishihara village was one of the most damaged area hit by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. It goes without saying the damage of buildings, and the damage of farmlands were also serious. When Kumamoto Earthquake struck this area, there were only 3 weeks left until the rice planting that is the most important work in agricultural calendar. Therefore, the farmers had to reconstruct their lands and irrigation systems by themselves in spite of becoming refugees. In this situation, refugees established non-designated shelters so that they could engage in emergency recovery under the auspices of mutual aids. However, previous researches in post-disaster studies has not discussed disaster prevention plans with rural-specific situation like this.

 This study aimed to describe the actual conditions and roles of emergency shelters in rural areas through the participant observation in there after the Earthquake, so that we can be going to discuss the way of consideration in the disaster prevention plans in rural areas. Moreover, we attempted to get suggestive cases through describing.

 The description we reported shows that refugees made round trips every day from the designated shelter to the land they had lived, so that they could make their evacuation life stable. It has be revealed that non-designated shelters were grown up from necessity. Therefore, those shelters could disappere when refugees finish their emergency recovery. In more detail, they used all the social and physical capitals they had in daily life to struggle to lack of resources in evacuation life. In contrast of the designated shelters, non-designated shelters provided some opportunities to resist the misfortune of being hit by the earthquake.

 In this paper, we described and contrasted designated shelters with non-designated ones. As a result, we pointed out that both of them could play important roles each other in the reconstruction process of the rural area. In other words, designated and non-designated shelters have completely different quality and potential to support refugees. This fact suggests that it is necessary for us to reconsider the position of non-designated shelters in the disaster prevention plans, especially in the rural areas.

 The characteristics of the street space on Gulangyu Island and Xiamen Island in Xiamen City were quantitatively understood by psychological evaluation experiments and indication method experiments.

 As the psychological evaluation structure, 7 axes are selected for the streets of Gulangyu Island and 8 axes are selected for the streets of Xiamen Island.

 On the streets of Gulangyu Island, the five axes of <impression>, <diversity>, <texture>, <three-dimensional>, <affinity> are common psychological factor axes for [whole / outbound / return path] is there. The characteristic of Gulangyu Island Street is the <openness> of the return path. It was evaluated as "open" because the field of view spreads downhill.

 On the streets of Xiamen Island, the five axes of <impression>, <diversity>, <materiality>, <three-dimensional>, <harmony> are the psychological factor axes common to [whole / outbound / return path]. The characteristic of Xiamen Island Street is the <texture> of the return path. On the outbound, poor quality the display and signboards stand out. On the return path, the display and signboards are invisible, so it was rated as "superior quality".

 On the streets of Gulangyu Island and Xiamen Island, the three axes of <impression>, <diversity>, <three-dimensional>, are common representative factor axes and represent the street space of Xiamen City. An important evaluation axis.

 On the streets of Gulangyu Island, Western-style architecture "whole building" and its accompanying "fences", "gates" and "greens" were pointed out. On the streets of Xiamen Island, "display" and "entire building" were pointed out. These represent the characteristics of Xiamen City.

 As a result of the analysis of the indication elements, what kind of psychological evaluation the designer can obtain by using the integrated evaluation scale in the future preservation of historical streets in Asia and development in developing countries This makes it possible to plan and design while predicting what kind of facade components should be noted.

 GOSIWON refers to a type of quasi-housing in Korea that has been mainly used by students who are studying before taking the GOSI (Public employee recruitment test). The facilities began to appear in the late 1960s, and they are a type of accommodation that provides a space for learning. For their residents, GOSIWON offer just a single private room, with a shared toilet and kitchen. The single rooms have restricted space, and they carry safety risks with respect to such disasters as fires. Accordingly, GOSIWON have shortcomings as places of residence. However, since the 1990s, GOSIWON have spread throughout Seoul owing to their residential purpose. According to the Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters, there were about 6,240 GOSIWON in Seoul in 2015, offering about 250,000 rooms. In Seoul, there are GOSIWON dense area which is called GOSICHON.

 The present study undertook a basic survey of architectural planning for GOSIWON and GOSICHON in Seoul. This is the first attempt to make such an investigation. We analyzed changes in the location and residential functions of GOSIWON since their inception through to the present. We also present details of the historical background to those changes.

 First, using advertising information in GOSIGE (“Examination magazine for public employee”), we divided the transition of GOSIWON by period. Details of our procedure appears in section 2 of this paper. The first period is from 1960 to 1970s. We clarify that is the occurrence period of GOSIWON. Second is from 1980 to 1990s. That is the establishment period of GOSIWON. And after 1995, we refer to that is the transformation period of GOSIWON.

 Second, using GIS tools in section 3, we identify the distribution of GOSIWON in Seoul. Initially, GOSIWON were scattered mainly in old downtown areas (such as the Dongdaemun, Seodaemun, and Jongno districts); however, from around 1975, they tended to be concentrated in Gwanak. Subsequently, GOSIWON became distributed throughout Seoul. Large number of GOSIWON began to concentrate in the Sillim area of Gwanak district, and such areas with many GOSIWON became known as GOSICHON. Today, GOSIWON are largely found in certain areas, such as Gwanak, Dongjak, Gangnam, Dongdaemun, Seodaemun, and Yeongdeungpo.

 Finally, we clarify the changes that have taken place in the spatial composition and specifications of GOSIWON. We do that in section 5 by analyzing advertisement information in GOSIGE.

 For their residents, GOSIWON provide a single private room as well a common space. The area of the single room in GOSIWON varies depending on the location.

 GOSIWON offer a communal space for eating, sleeping, and studying for students facing examinations, and that has been a key factor in their development since they first appeared. As a result, GOSIWON came to feature such areas as kitchens, study rooms, and shower rooms. However, since the 1980s, some GOSIWON have been lacking such basic facilities. Subsequently, differences began to emerge between GOSIWON located in Seoul and those in other locations.

 We regard the next step for research to be a study of existing GOSIWON in Seoul. It is also necessary to examine improvement measures and related issues concerning the future development of GOSIWON as residential facilities.

 The purpose of this research was to make clear the psychological and physiological influence of earthquake motion in dark interiors on the elderly.

 The experiment used a vibration plate and each individual subject experienced seismic ground motion while seated in a chair. The input earthquake motion, including the vertical motion, used in the experiment is an observed earthquake wave. Two levels of illumination, 26lx and 1lx, were prepared for the experiment rooms. Experiments were carried out over 2 years for each level of illuminance. The participating subjects were 51 elderly males.

 The Blood pressure, Pulse and Saliva amylase were measured for each subject before and after the experience of seismic ground motion. In addition, subjects responded to SATI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and an awareness survey questionnaire before and after the seismic ground motion experience.

 Furthermore, subjects responded to a sense evaluation questionnaire, POMS (panel on operational meteorological satellites) and an egogram after the experience.

 In the analysis of each measurement item significant difference in the values were tested to see the effect of indoor illuminance. Analysis and consideration were performed by multivariate analysis.

 The main results were summarized as follows.

 1) Dark interiors have a psychological and physiological influence on elderly males.

 2) It was found that systolic blood pressure showed significant difference between indoor illumination of 26lx and 1lx. The systolic blood pressure is higher in the illuminance of 26lx than in 1lx both before and after the earthquake motion experience.

 3) It was found that the level of despair was significantly different between indoor illumination of 26lx and 1lx. Psychologically dark interiors create hopeless feelings at the time of an earthquake. Both before and after the earthquake motion experience, the illuminance of 1lx created more despair than 26lx.

 4) The illumination 26lx tends to lead easily to anxiety when alone after the experience of seismic ground motion.

 5) It's possible to predict levels of despair from a factor of interior illuminance. The hopeless feelings at the time of an earthquake are influenced by interior illuminance and solitary anxiety when alone at the time of an earthquake.

 1. Introduction

 In facilities hosting large crowds, such as railway stations, stadiums, and convention centers, visitors in transit have different destinations. Pedestrian flows are therefore complex, unlike single-direction building evacuations. When multiple flows cross, they can easily become stacked because of the sudden increase in density and the difficulty in avoiding other people coming from different directions. Moreover, walking in a disordered crowd is mentally stressful, and even poses the risk of colliding with others. Solving such congestion is essential for flow efficiency, safety, and user comfort.

 This paper proposes a new flow-control system called a Pedestrian-Roundabout, and reports on its effects through the results of two sequential full-scale experiments.

 2. Pedestrian-Roundabout Proposal

 The Pedestrian-Roundabout is an architectural device developed by the authors to optimize the complex pedestrian flows at intersections. In a Pedestrian-Roundabout, a large obstacle several meters in diameter is placed at the center of a pedestrian intersection and, similar to how an automobile roundabout works, pedestrians are required to walk in one direction around it.

 3. Methodology

 To determine the effects of placing such an obstacle on the crowd flow characteristics and detailed walking behavior at the crossing point, we performed two full-scale laboratory experiments: one in 2018 with 48 participants, and another in 2019 with 96 participants. The shape of the obstacle, pedestrian density, and walking direction constraint were all varied in the experimental conditions to determine the effective factors for traffic flow optimization. A short questionnaire evaluating the psychological quality of the walk was also conducted after each trial.

 A very accurate pedestrian trajectory data associated with each pedestrian's ID was obtained using two-dimensional barcode markers and the authors' original image processing programs. Based on these IDs, each trajectory was connected to the other participants' information, including their psychological walk evaluation.

 4. Results

 Diagrams in Fig. 8 indicate the walking trajectories in some representative cases with an emphasis on walking speed reduction. When four flows crossed in a normal right intersection (Fig. 8 4X-FR-VO), the center part became highly congested with pedestrians walking in different directions (Fig. 9). In such a complex crossing situation, pedestrians needed to perform avoidance behavior, namely, speed reduction and detouring, quite often. According to the questionnaire results, the participants perceived the walk as more difficult when they necessitated stronger avoidance.

 By just placing a cylinder shape obstacle with a 4 m diameter in the center of this intersection (Fig. 8 4X-FR-CI), it was observed that the speed reduction was restrained. Furthermore, constraining the walking direction to one-direction (Fig. 8 4X-RA-CI) reinforces this effect, and the trajectories became smoother due to the less detouring around others. The results indicated also that the 4 m diameter obstacle worked more efficiently than a smaller size 2 m obstacle. When the obstacle had edges in the plane, the flow stacked nearby the corners (Fig. 8 4X-FR-SQ₀, 4X-FR-DI₀, 4X-FR-DI₃₀).

 5. Conclusions

 According to the results of our experiments, placing a large obstacle at the center of a complex intersection and letting pedestrians detour around it have positive effects on streamlining the flows. Thus, by introducing the Pedestrian-Roundabout, a reduction in the congestion and a walking difficulty improvement can be expected.

 Mixed Reality (MR), which has been attracting attention in recent years, is a technology that allows digital information to be superimposed on real space. By using this technology, designers can place a 3D model of a design proposal in a real space, and proceed with the design while grasping the various information and elements that exist in the real space and the design proposal in an integrated manner. In addition, people who do not specialize in architectural design will be able to participate in the design process while smoothly grasping concrete spatial images of a proposal.

 This study examines the impact of the experience of space through such MR on the design process.

 First, we conducted design experiments using MR, where architectural students participated. The experimental conditions were set in which pairs worked together to design a rest area in the plaza at the University of Tokyo. Models, drawings, and MR were used as design tools.

 Then, the theoretical framework for MR space is organized. The possible effects of experience the complex relationship between real space elements and design proposals in MR space on changing perceptions of the design subject are discussed.

 In this study, we organized the existing theories of VR and MR space, and some cases where visual information in MR space has influenced the design are considered. After that, a few cases of non-visual information in MR space influenced the design are discussed. We considered the influence of the experience of MR space on the design of relationships, and in conclusion, confirmed the two values of MR in the design process.

 First, through the experience of MR space, not only it becomes possible to grasp the design object in an integrated manner with the surrounding space, but also the MR design plan contributes to the formation of a frame to recapture the surrounding environment. That leads to the discovery of hidden elements of space that were previously unrecognized. The possibility of MR as a tool that can consider and develop a design proposal while flexibly reframe according to the situation without strictly setting the frame that captures the target in the design tool construction stage is pointed out.

 Second, by discovering the elements of the visible space and the relationships between them through MR, it would become possible to focus on the non-visual elements that exist in the surrounding space. This would point out the usefulness of MR, which makes it possible to examine design proposals under a lot of information and conditions while capturing a wider and more detailed target.

 In the future, it will be necessary to conduct research that will give designers a clearer spatial image that is even closer to the real space. It is necessary to acquire the knowledge to seamlessly integrate online and offline information, we need to find an appropriate balance in integrating digital information and real-world information.

 The frame consisting of column and penetrating beam is one of the main horizontal load resisting elements of traditional wooden structures. More often, there is a connecting joint of the beam, which penetrates through the column. Therefore the shape of the joint is hidden inside the column, not visibly apparent. However, the shapes of joints of penetrating beam are various, and it is difficult to ascertain its shape only at the time of construction or dismantling. In order to clarify its shape in its existing state, X-rays inspection and other methods are required, which are expensive and labor intensive.

 In order to evaluate the structural performance of such joints, this study aims to clarify the specification of joints of penetrating beam used in traditional wooden buildings.

 For this reason, we collected information on joints of penetrating beam from documental reports on repair work. The target of research is on Buddhis temple halls built after 12^th century, designated as Important Cultural Properties (Fig. 4)(Table 1).

 Information on penetrating beams was obtained for 145 buildings, and it was confirmed that ryakukama joint is used in more than 80% of the buildings. We revealed that the shape of ryakukama joint used in penetrating beam can be divided into three major types: Type A, B, and C. At the same time, there were some joints which were difficult to determine whether the shape was A or B, which we named A-B. Before 1500, ryakukama joint was mostly type A. Type B start to appear in the first half of the 16th century. Results indicate that type C become the majority type in the second half of the 17th century (fig. 13). It is speculated that these changes in shape are due to the development of tools and the influence of building technology books called ‘hinagata-bon’ that prevailed from the 18th century. There was no correlation between the type of ryakukama joint and the location (region) of the building or the roofing material. The effect of year of construction is most pronounced.

 Lastly, the dimensions of the ryakukama joints used in penetrating beam were investigated. There are two main types: height of joint is 0.45 and 0.8 when that of penetrating beam is 1(fig. 20). It is argued that the transition from type A and B to C was intended by the carpenters of the time to improve the structural performance, because the higher the joint compared to penetrating beam, the greater the bending strength. In Shape C, the ratio of the height of ryakukama joint to that of penetrating beam is 0.45, which is very similar to Shape B. Therefore, it is defined as Shape B-C and the changes in 5 types of ryakukama joint is shown in Fig. 23. There was a general tendency to shift from shape B to B-C and then to shape C. However, there was no unidirectional change in shape B-C in the second half of the 18th century, as shape B-C was more common than shape C.

 There are many unclear points about the relationship between carving technology of penetrating beam, tools, and tree species from literature survey alone. Therefore it is necessary to discuss this point through interviews with experts and carving experiments. In addition, it will be necessary to clarify the structural performance of the frame consisting of column and penetrating beam on the results obtained in this study. In addition, it is necessary to understand how the differences in specifications of joint of penetrating beam affect the overall performance of the building.

 1. Introduction: Purpose of study

 Santorini, Greece, is an attractive and characteristic small city spontaneously created. It is the purpose of the study to discover what could be called the "seed" of Santorini by modeling the dwellings arrangement of Santorini as if artificial life had grown on a computer and exploring the rules and procedures to create them. Through that, we will clarify the outline of the advanced planning theory that we call the "Planning like Sowing Seed". In addition, the goal of this trial and error process is to find clues of the new methods for planning architecture and cities.

 2. Method of study: Modeling on computer

 Using a programming language called MEL (Maya Embedded Language) built into MAYA, one of the modeling software, a 3D simulation of dwellings arrangement pattern in Santorini that takes into changes over time and randomness is performed with different conditions and rules as if the sowed seeds grow up. The volume of rectangular parallelepiped is considered as one dwelling unit, and modeling is performed using it as a basic unit. In this paper, they are all the same size and set as a cube of W4.0m × D4.0m × H4.0m.

 3. Conclusion: Obtained results

 [1] Regarding the generation of dwellings

 When the following four conditions were given, it was confirmed that dwellings arrangement very similar to a real village of Santorini could be obtained even if a dwelling unit was randomly generated using uniform random numbers.

 1) Place each one-story dwelling unit along the contour lines of the terrain.

 2) Give higher probability of generation of dwelling unit at higher altitudes.

 3) Give a condition to eliminate the overlapping dwelling units.

 4) When the aggregation density of the dwelling units (building coverage ratio) exceeds a certain number, a road will be created on the lower side of the block. After the road is made, dwelling units will start to generate in the next lower block.

 [2] The role of the topography

 Terrain is an important factor and parameter influencing the landscape of Santorini. In steep terrain, such as Santorini, it was found that by arranging dwelling units along contour lines and eliminating overlap between dwelling units, it was possible to satisfy the condition that all dwellings could see the sea.

 Purpose

 The extent to which the recovery plan will be realized in the recovery from the disaster is a critical issue. However, in the conventional science of disaster prevention, there is a lot of upstream discussion about the extent to which the disaster victims were supported and how the experts participated in the planning, but the organization of the actors who realize the plan and its outcomes are rarely questioned. This study examines the impact of the disaster and subsequent planning on financial and human resources in local governments affected by the disaster and the subsequent tsunami, and the challenges in implementing recovery plans, with a view to adapting the organizational structure of the disaster-affected municipalities.

 Targets and Methods

 The paper will cover the disaster-affected municipalities affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake in Miyagi and Iwate prefectures. A questionnaire was sent to all target municipalities and several interviews were conducted to analyze the data on reconstruction policies and organizational innovations. We first categorize them according to the disaster and recovery situation and then categorize the burden characteristics of municipalities in recovery projects. Finally, we adopt a step-by-step approach that looks at the relationship between the separately sought organizational type and the two aforementioned typologies.

 Result

 1) The tsunami-affected municipalities are divided into six categories according to the disaster situation and the characteristics of the reconstruction projects: Small-scale reconstruction, Disaster public housing, Medium-scale reconstruction, Complex reconstruction, Wide-area development, and Large-scale reconstruction. 2) Even in the same class of disaster and reconstruction type, basic municipalities have different conditions and their loads vary. There are six types of indicators: Low load type, Special load type, Medium load type, Extreme load type, Large urban and suburban project type, and Small urban and suburban project type. 3) The contrast between the ratio of housing subsidies to the total amount of reconstruction subsidies and the ratio of housing units from the subsidy projects to the number of destroyed houses by the disaster shows a difference in the recovery strategies of each municipality. 4)The organization for the reconstruction project was carefully examined, and five types of organizations were obtained: Existing organization and special affairs office, Existing organization and coordinate the management section, Multiple sections, A new comprehensive bureau, and Two new comprehensive bureaus. 5) When we integrated the disaster and reconstruction type, reconstruction load type, and reconstruction organization type, it was confirmed that the situation was different between the plain and the rias coastal areas, but as the reconstruction project became larger, the municipal load became larger and more complex organization type tended to be adopted. 6) When grouped together by characteristics, Otsuchi, Onagawa, and Rikuzentakata had the largest project and workload, as well as the highest proportion of temporary staff, and the data supported the fact that the reconstruction work was extremely painful. 7) Although it was a major reconstruction project, Miyako City and Kesennuma City had adopted the Existing organization type. It is likely that the company had specialized construction staff even before the disaster and prioritized the use of existing human resources. 8) Multiple sections type which is adopted by Yamamoto Town and Minamisanriku Town, makes it easier to run each project in parallel. This type of adoption, with its challenges to integration, suggests that business implementation was at the vanguard.

 The Great East Japan Earthquake and the tsunami that occurred in March 2011 caused major damage in the Tohoku region. It is implicitly assumed that there is a local community in the reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake, but the local community itself has suffered great damage. The members themselves are residents who are victims of the disaster, and the physical situation in the area has changed significantly due to reconstruction projects such as relocation. Capturing the recovery of the local community itself is also an important perspective for considering the possibility of reconstruction of the disaster victims as individuals and the disaster area. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the change of the local community after the damage of the Great East Japan Earthquake and reconstruction projects and the factors for the recovery of the local community.

 As a result, firstly, each "Tonari-gumi" as a basic unit of community association was reorganised in a different way for each local community that damaged by GEJE. Secondly, there are two types of the structure of the community committee. One has consisted of chairpersons and committee members under them. The other one is the committee including some blocks "Chiku". The committee members belong to block committees. The latter remains the pre-modern structure based on the fishery community. Furthermore, board members are selected related to households in each local community. It was found that households and community associations have a multi-layered relationship. Finally, the relationship between community committee and event organization is three different types, both are different organizations, the committee including event organization, and all committee members joining event organization. The relationship between the committee and the event organization suggested that the community association may be maintained as an individual rather than as an organizational system. If the personal role is large, if the human damage is caused by the earthquake, the loss of the key person will cause great damage to the community association. On the other hand, community associations that have the organizational framework in cooperation with its subordinate organization was maintained even if human damage occurred. Such a multi-layered frame is considered to be a pre- modern form centered on livelihood, rather than a modern thinking aiming to be rational.

 In conclusion, community association tends to focus only on the committee, but in reality, the situation of Neighboring groups "Tonari-gumi" directly related to households and the relationship with the committee are related to the resilience of the local community. It can be said that it is important to consider community associations from the perspective of community resilience, which is often addressed in recent disaster recovery. However, when the local community was vulnerable, it was not necessarily weakened only by the earthquake. Even if the community association is well maintained this time, it may not be possible to maintain it in future disasters due to aging and so on. It will be necessary to reconsider how the residents and community association should exist as organizations that support daily life.

 In Japan, during 1920's and 1930's, regional ports were modernized under the subsidy and the direction by the Ministry of Inner Affairs. Around the same time, City planning Act and City Building Act which are both established in 1919 were adopted to these regional port towns. This research focuses and clarifies how port modernization was positioned in the city planning of these port towns. In the standard of the city planning management published in 1927, it was indicated that port area was to be designated as"industrial zone". The following addresses findings on zonings, road planning and land readjustments by examining some actual city plan adopted in regional port towns.

 First, regarding zonings, most port areas were designated to industrial zone, but the others were applied to "commerce zone" or "none zoning" in accordance with the actual use of the area. The reasons why most port areas were zoned as industrial zone was because the local governments intended to industrialize port areas using this opportunity of the modernization directed and financed by the ministry of inner affairs. It can be said that, the port construction by the ministry affected the future land use plan of the located city’s city planning.

 Second, as for road planning, some of the planned roads in the city plan were planned to fit with the port modernization plan made by the ministry. Roads connecting the modernized port and the center of the port town or train stations were planned in most port towns and many of these roads were positioned as the widest main street in the town. Some of the road plans were organized or changed to fit with port modernization plan. Most statement of reasons in the city plan the stance of placing importance on marine-land transportation can be seen. Therefore, it can be said that the port modernization had some impact on the located town’s road planning.

 Third, land readjustments were planned in several port towns in 1940's. These land readjustment were intended to create huge waterfront industrial areas, under the policy of the decentralization of factories and arsenals for the war. Land readjustment was a feasible method to realize the waterfront industrial area designated by the city plan.

 City planning projects were executed from the budget of the local government which made it difficult to progress since most project needed high budget. On the other hand, port modernization was supported by the national subsidy which the ministry of inner affairs was able to decide its use for the modernization of regional ports.

 In conclusion, during 1920's and 1930's port construction affected the city planning of port towns significantly and these city plannings has some common features to deal the port in their plannings. Port modernization gave an opportunity to improve the city planning especially around the waterfront area.

 This paper studied the deliberation process of revise the Urban Planning Law by the Home Ministry in 1946. During the revision, two different legislative approaches, one to revise the Urban Planning Law while separately enacting the Regional Planning Law, and one to establish a law integrating urban and regional planning, were explored.

 The revision of the Urban Planning Law alone aimed to position urban planning as a matter that should first be promoted by local governments. At the same time, it was proposed to place the Zoning Code regulations under the Building Regulation Law of 1919, within the Urban Planning Law. In line with these amendments, it was necessary to enact a law for regional planning.

 Based on some proposed amendments, a preparatory committee for drafting the Regional Planning Law and revising the Urban Planning Law was set up, and began a full-scale study on legislation of issues such as implementation of urban planning led by local governments, coordination between cities, and regional planning to deal with unregulated urban expansion, which the Urban Planning Law before the war had not been able to handle. Not only officials in the Home Ministry Planning Division, but also technical officials of the War-Damage Reconstruction Institute participated in the preparatory committee, creating a framework of building and urban planning administrations to study issues in an integrated manner.

 The preparatory committee formulated a draft that integrated the Regional Planning Law and the revision of the Urban Planning Law, in which it was proposed to set up areas with a planned development coordination function in view of urban expansion. On the other hand, it was considered too much of a challenge in the situation at that time to give the authority of urban planning completely to local cities. In addition, it was regarded as a fundamental principle to separately institutionalize the methods for controlling urban development under both laws even while zoning, etc., of the Building Regulation Law of 1919 within the Urban Planning Law.

 The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between human behavior and street typology in kampong. This research study is an extension of earlier work by the authors which looked at the relationship between human behavior and street typology in the inner-city kampong. For the purposes of this paper, the focus shifts from inner-city to peripheral kampong to comprehend the kind of mechanisms and strategies necessary to improve socio-physical aspects in the on-going process of urban consolidation in peripheral areas of Jakarta.

 The study was undertaken in RW13 of Kelurahan Kapuk of West Jakarta administrative city, selected based on physical characteristic and poor living environment. Also, the fact of no redevelopment project exist here provides opportunities to critically consider the needed interventions for its future development. The study employed mixed qualitative methods of questionnaires-based interviews, street mapping, and field observation of 85 houses and 1142 activities.

 The results of the study show that although different street typologies exist, the main influencing factor for street based human activities relates to physical amenities, social-cultural practices and the width of the street / alley. Besides, in relation to house condition, the study reveals that the condition of houses deteriorated in line with the narrowing of the streets due to physical accessibility.

 The study recommends minor land adjustment to improve current street layouts by rebuilding with lots. Specifically, some U and Z-type streets can be modified and widened to support diverse human activities. Moreover, some cul-de-sacs should also be modified and widened to improve accessibility, especially in case of disasters risks such as fire outbreaks. The study concludes that conserving the current socio- spatial structure while improving street layouts with needed open spaces will ensure an inclusive support that is friendly to all age cohorts, including the elderly.

 The study explores the characteristics of actual conversion of partially surviving agricultural lands using three indexes, namely, plot size, street width, and number of sides facing streets. Initially, the uses of plots for 2016 were compared with agricultural lands in 1983. Furthermore, the actual conversion of all agricultural lands through analysis of the uses in 2016 using the three indexes before conversion was investigated. Second, the actual condition of converted plots partially retained as agricultural lands and their characteristics was compared with the actual conversion of all agricultural lands.

 The study finds 816 plots in 2016 that correspond to 133 plots of partially surviving agricultural lands and identified 17 uses, which is lower than the case of 359 plots of all agricultural lands. Regarding uses after conversion of agricultural lands, the larger the plot size, the higher the ratio of independent housing in 2016 with a dispersion of ratio compared with that in all agricultural lands. In addition, the ratio of office buildings to parking lots is high in terms of agricultural lands connected to area major streets in 1983, whereas the ratios of commercial, warehouse, and transportation-related facilities are low. Moreover, the ratio of streets for partially surviving agricultural lands is lower than that for all agricultural lands in terms of agricultural lands away from streets, which indicates that the ratio of conversion to streets was low.

 The number of plots in 2016 included in one plot of agricultural land in 1983 for partially surviving agricultural lands is lower than those for all agricultural lands. Conversely, the number of types of uses for partially surviving agricultural lands is higher than those for all agricultural lands, the degree of mix of use after conversion of agricultural lands is considered high for partially surviving agricultural lands. In contrast to all agricultural lands, the larger the street width, the more the number of plots for partially surviving agricultural lands.

 The findings leads to the following characteristics of actual conversion of partially surviving agricultural lands:

 i. The ratio of conversion to independent housing is dependent on plot size.

 ii. The ratio of conversion to commercial, warehouse, and transportation-related facilities is low in terms of agricultural lands connected to area major streets in 1983.

 iii. The ratio of conversion to streets is low for agricultural lands away from streets in 1983.

 iv. The number of plots and types of uses in 2016 included in one plot of agricultural land in 1983 is lower and higher, respectively, than those in all agricultural lands.

 After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, each affected local government formulated a spatial plan for reconstruction. One of the major methods of urban development used to realize this is land readjustment project. Nine years have passed since the disaster, and rebuilding of buildings has begun in areas where residential land development by this project has been completed. However, there are a large number of residential land that has been raised in the land readjustment project and been left unused, which is one of the major issues in reconstruction project. Therefore, in this study, we investigate changes in land use before and after land readjustment projects and their background, especially the characteristics of vacant land as a case study in Machikata District in Otsuchi Town, Iwate Prefecture. Through the investigation, this research aims to clarify the cause of occurrence of low- and unused land and to consider the preventive measures.

 As a result of this research, the following points were mainly clarified.

 1) Regarding the land use before and after the project, it was found that many of the buildings that had been used before the disaster were not rebuilt, and a large amount of vacant land was generated accordingly; the biggest cause of the vacant land is that the buildings were not rebuilt.

 2) One-third of the privately-owned land was sold to the town, and most of it is actually used as land for reconstruction projects such as disaster public housing or collective relocation project for disaster prevention.

 3) Regarding the factors of land sales and vacant lots, “number of landowners,” “survival or landowners,” “number of inheritances,” and “youth of landowners” are factors that increase the sale rate, while “death of landowners,” “number of inheritances,” “owning separate lands” and “age of landowners” are factors that reduce the ratio of reconstructed area.

 4) The reasons why the vacant land is not utilized are; negative willingness to use of the landowners, reconstruction situation at another place, financial situation such as lack of funds, uncertainty of new surrounding environment, absence of sale/rental partners.

 5) There is a two-way change in intention in the reconstruction between the intention survey immediately after the disaster and the actual reconstruction situation.

 Based on these findings, the authors pointed out the following three points:

 1) It is important not to generate a large amount of vacant land after land readjustment project

 2) As the first measure for that, it is important to set the area of the land readjustment project for land raise with “intention to use” as a certain standard.

 3) As the second measure for that, it is important to combine the land readjustment project with other reconstruction projects.

 In China, nationwide collective relocation projects for poverty alleviation have brought about a significant restructuring of rural life. Social integration is regarded as a relocation project’s success symbol. This paper studies double-directional social integration between two resident groups, namely the local group and the re-settler group, in the village-to-village collective relocation projects, which have barely been discussed prior to this. Based on typology analysis in terms of residential segregation, four types of resettlement were recognized. Type 1, centralized type, the re-settlers and locals are balanced (40%-60% of total) in population and land, an intensive resettlement cluster is centralized and surrounded by several local clusters. Type 2, adjacent type, the re-settlers have a smaller (20%-40%) population and land than the locals, they reside beside the local area adjacently, merging as one big aggregation. Type3, enclave type, the re-settlers have an extremely minority (0-20%) population and land than the locals, the re-settlers live in an enclave, which is far away from the local clusters. Type 4, infill type, the re-settlers have a smaller (20%-40%) population and land use area than the locals, and they live in a dispersal layout across multiple small-sized clusters through filling the blank spaces between the existing local clusters.

 Based on Schnell and Yoav’s proposed socio-spatial isolation indices, the evaluation was carried out in each of the four typical villages in Shiyan city, Hubei Province, China. The evaluation was mainly made up of two parts: social isolation (SO) and spatial isolation (SP). SO inflects a personal social interaction network through various activities, and it is the direct indicator of social integration/isolation; while SP described the demographic and physical conditions in different territories. Through the SO and SP comparisons in four villages and two groups, we found SP one of the crucial influential factors for SO. Centralized and infilled types were found more likely to promote integration socially and spatially; therefore, these two are highly recommended. Adjacent type is the most frequently adopted, assumingly due to its clear superiority to the other types in terms of straightforwardness and cost-effectiveness, as well as its mid-level performance in promoting integration. Enclave type is improbable for integration and should be avoided as much as possible and used only when there are hard-to-solve problems and limitations.

 The public retail market was built in Chung Wan (Central area), Victoria City in 1842, and it meant an important role for urban function since it becomes a British colony. Currently, the north coast of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon / New Kowloon has a high-density city in Hong Kong and about half the population lives there. There have not only high-rise offices and houses are lined up but also old-small buildings are remaining. We have already revealed that the public retail market is a key factor for the high-density city and its associated street markets and row fresh food stores have a close relationship. We use Chung Wan and Wan Chai area as case studies and clarify the spatial characteristics in the urban block around the public retail market.

 Therefore, the purposes of this study are the following 3 things.

 1. Clarify the current status and changes in the public retail market over the past 20 years.

 2. The characteristics of the residents live in the urban block around the public retail market.

 3. Composed of streets and architecture, regulation of land use plan in the urban block around the public retail market.

 The main results are summarized as follows.

 1) There was no new public retail market established since 2008. There’re three trends in 20 years. First, the public retail market does not have the function of dealing with fresh food and created only by combining C/F with the public facility or residential functions. Second, the new program is being operated collaboratively with private capital. Third, historic public retail market architecture is preserved by conversion or facade preservation.

 2) The urban block around the public retail market has various residents from the viewpoint of occupation and monthly household income. It shows the same result as the analysis in 1994, a district around the public retail market has been formed as collateral for the residence of diversity.

 3) Most of the building with row fresh food stores or along with the street market is Tang Lau or Rectangular Mass type. These are supporting the market space and that is easy to establish a relationship between the ground floor use and the front road. URA evaluates not only Shophouse type buildings but also Tang Lau type and Rectangular Mass type buildings and it has begun conservation and utilization. Since the development of URA based on not urban blocks but building units, the street structure is preserved, it is easy to lead to a mixture of old-small and new-large architecture in the urban block. Therefore, the mixture of the five building types supports the diversity of residents based on TPU analysis.

 4) Tang Lau, Rectangular Mass, and Podium Tower-type buildings are closely related to the zoning of Residential A, which is in the block including the market space. These building types, which is old and middle or low-rise buildings, lead to mix functions, and easy to compose the market space.

 Enhancing the function of "place" is key to generate "user-oriented design". The research aims to clarify the spatial elements and their appropriate layout of the built environment surrounding bus stops co-existing with the function of "place" for street users, in consideration of dense Japanese urban contexts.

 First, it conducted a literature review on international placemaking schemes. It found that a practical scheme named "Thinking beyond the Station" indicates there are 4 points of the index to measure the performance of “places”. Subsequently, the research intended to find out how current bus stops in Japan perform as “place” for residents and bus users from the viewpoints of such place performance index and to designate the appropriate planning and management scheme.

 Edogawa ward in Tokyo was selected as a case study site since it is a Japanese representative transit environment planning case coordinated with neighbor open spaces. The policy in the 1980s in the Edogawa ward prepared a comprehensive bus stop design scheme involving private landowners which are not seen in the general standards in other cities. The cross-tabulation and multivariate analysis were implemented, applying the findings of the questionnaire and field survey to collect both subjective data of users’ opinions to the bus stop environment and objective data of users’ activity. As a result, bus users tend to access just before the arrival time of buses. The waiting time is short due to the relatively high frequency of arrival of the bus. The number of daily users in the pocket park portion is less than 30%. Therefore, even there is a possibility that the issue of the pocket park was underestimated because there are many respondents with not much experience of use, the majority of the users pointed out no significant issues. Besides, it was suggested that the recognition of the pocket parks would lead to an increase in interest in management. The objective data revealed "private sector cooperation for bench installation" and "installation in front of the facility which is open to the general public" affect choices for staying. Because the R2 value is rather small, the observation survey at another sample in the Setagaya ward was also conducted to consider the additional possible factors to induce the user’s activities. The result suggested that "visual information of approaching bus", "depth and room of open space", "connection with a building or waiting space in building" may influence the length of use time.

 The paper concluded that the frontage land use and location of the seating facility might influence users’ stational activities by the results above. The mechanism to foster attachment to the place is also considered as keys to a better place. The spatial design scheme in Edogawa has shaped less attachment to the transit environment by local users and neighbors even though it has achieved most of the place performance index. The lack of attachment causes some cases of the abolition of agreement with landowners. The usage time associated with public transportation is too short time to gather interests in the environment. The mechanism should include a particular process to create recognition as a local open space. It also indicated the necessity of the lower limit setting of the size as an integrated open space to keep the quality of place.

 1. Background and Purpose

 In order to manage human resources strategically and effectively for community action groups, the division of labor among members is one of the most important issues, so it is necessary to understand the roles involved.⁴⁾ Previously, we developed a prototype method to analyze the roles of constituents for group functionality, that is, the role structure.⁴⁾ In that study,⁵⁾ we categorized members of eight community action groups into three types according to their roles: (1) Leader, (2) Supporter, and (3) Follower.⁵⁾ In this study, we improved the prototype of the analysis method of role structure and used it to visualize the role structure of eight groups to verify its usefulness and to clarify the role structure common to all community action groups. The purpose of this study is to build a generalizable role structure model of community action groups.

 2. Survey Methods

 A survey of 106 members belonging to eight community action groups (Table 2) was conducted using a questionnaire modified from a prototype developed in a previous study, in which the role of each member was objectively ascertained. There were 12 survey items for each role (Table 1).

 3. Result and Conclusion

 In order to visualize the role structure of the members of each community action group, a correspondence analysis was conducted using the results of the survey on the roles of the members of each group, and a scatter diagram was constructed to show the role structure of each group (Figs. 2–9). As a result, it was possible to evaluate the role structure of all groups on two axes, “Leadership–Support” and “Action–Thinking.” which showed the usefulness of the analysis method. Furthermore, a comparison with the results of previous studies⁴⁾ confirmed the improvement of the cumulative contribution of the two axes, and thus the improvement of the analysis method.

 In addition, when evaluated on the “Leadership–Support” axis, the roles were ranked (1) Leader, (2) Supporter, and (3) Follower in order of “Leadership.” This is one of the characteristics of the role structure of community action groups. When evaluated on the “Action–Thinking” axis, each type of role was seen to complement the others, and this world vary, depending on the characteristics of the members of each group. Based on the above results, a model of the role structure of community action groups was developed (Fig. 12).

 Understanding role structures with this model will be helpful in appropriately managing human resources by identifying the characteristics of each member.

 The purpose of this study was to shed light on how regional residential satisfaction relates to rent, which is a proxy variable for land price. The relationship between residential satisfaction and rent fundamentally informs policy analysis. This study differed from prior studies in its large number of respondents (60,000) and because the factors uncovered from factor analysis of subjective residential satisfaction were used as urban amenity variables for analyzing relationships to rent.

 The research methods are described below.

 1) Data from the “Ii heya netto machi no sumikokochi rankingu (Good Apartment Net Town Livability Ranking)” survey conducted by Japan Daito Trust Construction Co., Ltd., were used.

 2) Factor analysis was performed on this data source, and factors were estimated for each station that was to be analyzed.

 3) The factors estimated for each station to be analyzed were associated with rent-estimation model data, and multiple regression analysis was carried out with the rent logarithm as the objective variable.

 From these results, we examined how regional residential satisfaction relates to rent, which is a proxy variable for land price.

 The results of our research are shown below.

 1) The following six factors were extracted as constituent factors of residential satisfaction: i. Administrative services factors, ii. Life convenience factors, iii. Transportation convenience and Friendliness factors, iv. Image factors, v. Quietness factors, vi. Tsunamis and Earthquakes safety factors.

 2) Every station showed a large discrepancy between estimated residential satisfaction level and factor scores.

 3) The following results were obtained for the relationship between residential satisfaction factors and rent.　⁃ Image factors are the most influential.　⁃ Transportation convenience and Friendliness factors and Life convenience factors are positively associated with rent.　⁃ Administrative services factors and Quietness factors are negatively associated with rent.　⁃ There is almost no relationship between Tsunamis and Earthquakes safety factors and rent.　⁃ Apart from those factors, rent drops about 1% for every one-year increase in property age, for every one-kilometer distance from Tokyo Station, and for every one-minute increase in walking distance from the closest station. Furthermore, rent for a condominium is approximately 5% higher than for an apartment, and rent in a high-rise condominium tower is approximately 10% higher than in a non-high-rise building.

 The conclusions are shown below.

 1) Statistically significant relationships exist between rent and the factors that make up residential satisfaction.

 2) Image factors are the most influential. Transportation convenience and Friendliness factors and Life convenience factors are positively related, and Administrative services factors and Quietness factors are negatively related. There is almost no relationship between peace of mind regarding Tsunamis and Earthquakes safety factors and rent.

 3) When land prices rise, property tax revenues increase, so it is important for local governments to work at improving their images as an effective way to raise rent, which is a proxy variable for land price.

 Future research topics are summarized below.

 1) Expand the number of stations and regions for analysis and perform analyses.

 2) Carry out fieldwork in stations and regions where these factors are characteristic and perform qualitative analysis by interviewing administrative officers.

 This study examines the external factors involved in the early reconstruction of the Yuriage Wharf Morning Market (YWMM) and the measures taken by the union to respond to these external factors. The purpose of this study is to identify effective knowledge for business recovery through early reconstruction.

 In Chapter 3, we identify the measures taken by the union in response to external factors. This study compares similar coastal commercial facilities after the Great East Japan Earthquake in terms of external factors such as Reconstruction period, Location, and Construction funds. "Reconstruction period" was categorized by confirming public works and evacuation measures until the facilities opened. "Location" compared ground level, relationship to the disaster risk zone, and distance to the town hall and the sea. The "Construction funds" reviewed the construction costs and history of donations.

 In Chapter 4, in order to clarify the tsunami evacuation situation in the morning market, the internal factor of the union's evacuation measures is organized. It then considers the external factors related to location: users and evacuation space. In order to determine the attributes of the users and their evacuation attitudes, a survey was conducted in YWMM. And in order to identify the evacuation spaces in the morning market, the location and outline of each evacuation space was compiled through administrative documents and field surveys.

 Summarize the findings from the union's measures for external factors related to early reconstruction that are useful for business recovery.

 1. Consideration of preliminary reconstruction plans and prediction of the reconstruction period.

 After the early reconstruction, the number of tourists immediately reached the same level as before the disaster, and the early reconstruction is considered to be effective for the reconstruction of the business.

 2. Evacuation measures and designation of evacuation space in response to the location.

 If there is a risk by prioritizing rebuilding in the original location, it is difficult to secure a sustainable evacuation space if the damage is significant, but flexible use of existing space to secure an evacuation space may be effective for project reconstruction.

 3. Creating Opportunities to Engage Supporters.

 In addition to the existing uses that supporters are interested in, the creation of places that will contribute to society, such as relaxation areas and disaster prevention centers, will be effective in attracting supporters to the project and its recovery.

 This case exists in a risky location, but with the consensus of the business, the government and the users, it was the earliest commercial facility to be rebuilt in its original location before the disaster. This project was on the same level as the one before the disaster, and it was also an attempt to create a place to contribute to society, and it can be said that it was a project that led the way to the reconstruction of the region as well as the reconstruction of the morning market.

 Urban hotspots are spaces that carry high-intensity human activities. In the past related research, the identification methods of urban hotspots and the influence of hotspots with different forms and functions on urban traffic, land price, commerce had been clarified. Based on the research achievements obtained so far, this study considers that real-timely and accurate understanding of urban hotspots is important for urban activities analysis. Therefore, the objective of this research is to capture the dynamic changes of urban hotspots.

 In the era of big data, the outbreak of SNS data provides the possibility to dynamically study on urban hotspots. Therefore, this study collected the check-in data from Sina Weibo generated from April 27 to May 3, 2014 in the main area of Nanjing, China and tried to capture the emergence of urban hotspots real-timely and analyze the characteristics of them by grasping the rules of their emergence and changes. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The emergence of urban hotspots was revealed to vary depending on the time of day and the day of the week. Specifically, small-scale urban hotspots only appear on holidays, and some of them combine with nearby urban hotspots to form large-scale urban hotspots. In some cases, hotspots eventually form large-scale ones while repeatedly combining with others. (2) It was clarified that the popularity, area, and function of the urban hotspots change with their emergence and changes. Urban hotspots that appear for a short period of time had lower popularity and area than others, and if splitting or combining occurred only once, their popularity and area did not increase much. If more than one merger occurred, it tended to evolve into a large-scale urban hotspot. On the other hand, if multiple tourist-related urban hotspots are combined, they will be transformed into leisure-type ones. (3) The relationship between the emerging and changing of urban hotspots and built environment was also clarified. The three factors of the number of urban hotspots in adjacent areas, building density and distance to the city center are related to the emergence and changes of urban hotspots. In the urban areas with more hotspots, higher building density and closer to the city center, the probability of urban hotspots emerging or changing according to the rules is relatively higher.

 In general, this research has achieved certain results as a new attempt to grasp urban hotspots real-timely and dynamically using SNS data. It is expected that attention will be paid to clarify the formation mechanism of urban hotspots using SNS data in the form of pictures or text.

 From the time of birth, the concept of '"the park" in the city' has ever served as a tool for accepting the contradictions between legal systems and reality. Thus, such parks have continually undergone transformations. Because parks are owned and managed by the public sector, they are expected to be permanent, non-construction sites; however, the reality is different. Miyashita Park in downtown Shibuya in Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, was built on a scattered piece of land, and it has witnessed rapid changes. The periods of change of this park can be divided into five categories: (1) The Meiji era, when the feudal system changed to modern times, and the concept of parks was born; (2) 1953, when the park was first completed; (3) around 1964, the time of Tokyo Olympics, when a parking building was built on the ground, and the park was moved to the top of the roof; the park then was occupied by a homeless community; (4) around 2011, when sports facilities were installed in the park, and spatial and temporal closures became the norm under the normal operation by the local government because it had to manage the facilities; and (5) 2020, when the park was redeveloped and fully privatised; further, the park will now be managed by a private operator on a 30-year fixed land lease. Another Olympics has brought the opportunity to redevelop and redesign parks.

 The concepts such as possession, ‘no-man's land’, indifference, publicness and open space have been discussed by many philosophers, urban researchers, social scientists and constitutional scholars. In summary, urban parks have the potential to secure Liberty from law. If we need human rights and democracy, we have to realise them by securing places for them, namely the park in the city. Therefore, we have to preserve such urban parks; however, this is a great challenge. As seen from the example of Miyashita Park, at one point of time, homeless people occupied the park, and subsequently, the local government, with the support of local residents, evicted them using urban development projects legally with private companies; both events should not have happened. A system of conservation officers in natural conservation areas and play-leaders in play-parks can provide insights into maintaining urban parks. The only way to build such a system is through the practice of defending ‘the park in the city’.

 This study typifies the transformation of the profession of architect through interviews with professional cross-border architects, who have recently attracted attention in the United States. The social background referred to in this study refers to changes in laws and regulations due to inclusive changes in the financial industry, and the increasing importance of management theory with the spread of design build contracts. Further, since the profession of architect is not codified in Japan, this paper refers to all those who contribute in the form of brain labor to the social implementation process of space.

 Chapter 2 first summarizes the design-build research conducted in the United States. The architects interviewed two companies that are involved in the Architect-Led Design-Build business. In addition to confirming the merits of both the clients and business operators, the institutional barriers and operational issues are also clarified.

 In Chapter 3, the business model that helps develops both the design and development industries is defined as an Architect-Led-Developer ; further, and James Petty's discussions on the Architect-Led-Developer business are presented. In addition, we interviewed the companies and obtained data. Financing issues and development policies, amongst other issues that consider public interest were discussed.

 Chapter 4 summarizes the changes in financing methods and analyzes the case studies of companies that are conducting investment-type crowdfunding businesses in Portland. We analyzed four case studies, including a developmental and operational project ensure affordable housing and commercial stores in cooperation with Non-Profit-Organization. Through examples, we confirmed that architects contribute to the construction of a regional investment ecosystem.

 In Chapter 5, the business models of platform operators are organized into three types: centralized B2C type, centralized P2P type, and decentralized P2P type. By analyzing the limitations of the current laws and regulations and the government's response, we analyzed the global practices for a decentralized society.

 In conclusion, we categorized the analyzed cases and proposed the social significance of architects as subjects who comprehensively model designs.

 To provide emergency temporary housing for victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, measures such as construction of prefabricated houses, public housing, and a housing lease program that provided existing houses to be used as temporary housing were taken. The number of leased houses exceeded the number of prefabricated houses and public housing. This was the first time that such a large amount of leased temporary houses was supplied.

 Victims who wanted to use this housing lease program rushed to occupy vacant houses as close as possible to their original houses. They searched for privately owned vacant houses that were not for rent as well as private rental housing on the market. This was because the majority of houses in the damaged areas were owner-occupied detached houses, and there were few private rental apartments. It is considered that privately owned vacant detached houses played a certain role in providing temporary housing to victims.

 To examine the actual condition of houses leased under this program, this study considered approximately 4, 000 cases in Iwate Prefecture and classified the houses based on the information contained in rental agreements and shown on the housing maps. Leased houses were classified into the following four types: rental housing complex, rented detached housing, owned detached housing, and others. Owned detached housing was further divided into three categories: moving in a vacant house, temporary offer by house owner, and cohabitation with owner. The characteristics of each type and category were also analyzed.

 The analysis produced the following results. (1) Rental housing complexes such as apartments were leased most (66.2% of the total). The proportion of owned detached housing was 18.2%, and it was higher in small cities, towns, and villages. (2) The owned detached housing was older but larger in area, and the house rent was relatively inexpensive compared to the area of the dwelling units. (3) “Moving in a vacant house” accounted for 21.4% of the owned detached housing, which was equivalent to 3.9% of all leased houses. (4) The houses under the moving in category were older and smaller than other categories of the owned detached housing; therefore, residents’ satisfaction with these houses was lower than those with other categories.

 The results reveal that vacant owned detached houses were used as temporary houses, but the number of such houses was not large. In future, when the population will decrease and vacant houses will increase, utilizing the unoccupied owned detached houses will become important. However, the fact that such houses are old and have a poor living environment is a problem that needs to be resolved before utilizing the vacant owned detached houses.

 This study clarified the following contents.

 ・The closed schools, occurred in the Heisei period, was reused about 50% at the highest rate, unused at about 30%, and demolished about 20% at the lowest. In addition, the number of reused and unused of closed schools has been increasing since around 2003, and the merger of municipalities is assumed to be the main factor.

 ・Regardless of the type of school, the ratio of reuse was the highest at about 40-50%, 30% of unused, and 20% of demolished. In addition, in both the elementary and junior high schools, the number of reused and unused of closed schools increased from around 2003, but there was no difference in demolition around the period.

 ・It was found that the number of local governments that has a policy of using closed schools is low at around only 20%, which shows not much progress on the improvement rate. By the presence or absence of closed schools, the improvement rate of local governments with closed schools is five times higher than that of local governments without closed schools. It is considered that the experience of local government in utilizing closed schools contributes to the awareness for the necessity of reuse.

 ・The relationship between the improvement situation of usage policy, and the actual usage situation of closed school has less to do with "reuse". The closed school is “unused”, when there is no specific guidance, then “demolished” when the policy toward the closed school is set to demolish.

 ・The relationship between the occurrence of closed schools and the actual usage situation of closed schools has less to with "reuse" and "demolition". It is presumed that “unused” is likely to leave the school unused after the school is closed, because there is no upcoming schedule of closing schools which leads to the lack of usage plan.

 ・The percentage of those who preferred to actively reuse closed schools was no less than 50%, but the relationship with the actual usage situation of closed schools was weak with “reuse”. It is considered that it becomes “unused” when the intention of positive use is not yet determined, and “demolished” when it is properly judged according to the usage policy.

 ・From the discriminant analysis, the facility size of the building specifications affected the difference in the usage situation at the beginning of Heisei. However, since 2000, in addition to the building specifications such as the number of years after the construction and structural reliability, the decline of population and birthrate, and the slow-down of the city’s growth became a part of new factors. It was found out that these factors which relates to the population of the regional attribute influenced the difference in the usage situation, then the deterioration of the strength of the local governments also became a new factor subsequently.

 ・From the categorical canonical correlation analysis, the facility size of the building specifications affected the difference in the usage situation before the year of 2000, when the population continued to increase. However, it was made to appear that the regional attributes such as the slow-down of the city’s growth and the deterioration of the strength of the local government in addition to the merger of municipalities became new factors.

 Ovjectives

 The purpose of this study is understand the usage of long-term care services in each daily living area and to clarify the issues of future area management, it’s using the long-term care insurance receipt held by local governments. The inflow and outflow of users of long-term care services between daily living area is grasped by using the geospatial information of user’s residence and long-term care offices. And, the knowledge on the completeness of using services in the daily living area is obtained.

 Methods

 Usage stats of long-term care services was grasped by the long-term care insurance receipt for a year. Analysis subjects of long-term care services is Home-visit care, Home-visit bathing service, Home-visit nursing care, Home-visit rehabilitation, Commuting for care, Commuting rehabilitation service, Short-term stay at a care facility, Medical care service through a short-term stay, Small-sized multifunctional in-home care.

 Results and Conclutions

 The finding from this study are discribed below.

 1) It’s rely on the provision of services from offices outside the city regarding Home-visit care, Home-visit bathing service, Home-visit nursing care, Commuting for care, Commuting rehabilitation service, Short-term stay at a care facility.

 2) Usage stats of Home-visit bathing service, Commuting rehabilitation service, Medical care service through a short-term stay, Small-sized multifunctional in-home care is rarely seen in mountainous areas, and the types of services that can be selected are limited.

 3) Regarding Home-visit care, Commuting for care, Short-term stay at a care facility with a large number of office locations, there is a tendency to select an office farther from the place of residence than the nearest office. On the other hand, regarding Home-visit nursing care, Commuting for care, Commuting rehabilitation service, Short-term stay at a care facility with the number of offices is small, the proportion of users who select the nearest office is high.

 4) Regarding services other than Commuting for care and Short-term stay at a care facility, more than half of the users use services outside the daily living area.

 5) When the maximum available number of each area is estimated from the number of outpatient care facilities, and the ratio to the actual number of users is calculated, it exceeds 100% in nine daily living areas and completes service delivery within the daily living area. It was suggested that it could be increased.

 Regarding the actual use of services that are not confined to the daily living area, it's can a positive perspective of freely selecting service offices that match the actual conditions of users. On the other hands, it's can a negative perspective of having to use services outside the daily living area, it's reason for insufficient number of facilities and capacity, quality of service, etc. affect user needs.

 The Tokugawa government announced the restriction of buildings (interiors) in 1843 for Tenpou-no-kaikaku by Mizuno Tadakuni, which was found in Edo, Osaka and Kyo. But it’s not clear sufficiently in local towns.

 This study is on the restriction of buildings (interiors) of Machiya in Sakata of 1843 as seen in Sakata-sanjûrokunin-goyôchou and that was following 2 aspects.

 1) The restriction of buildings (interiors) of Machiya in the port town of Sakata was considered in 1843. But the upper class chonins (Machidoshiyori, Ôjouya, Sanjûrokuninshû, Goyôtashi, Okuramaitori-no-mono, Urayakunin, Omemiei, Onmachii) were exempted from the restrictions, for Daimyo and officers of the Tokugawa government stayed at their houses or they were good lineage and in high social position named Omemieijou which was allowed to see a lord.

 2) However, the upper class chonins with their jobs weren’t exempted from the restrictions of buildings (interiors).

 Chapter 1: The purpose of this study is to examine Okura-syo of domains and shogunate in the Edo Period, and clarify the influence on spatial structures by an inspection station.

 Chapter 2: The previous studies and the procedure of this study were shown. In the types of the building arrangement of domains and shogunate's Okura-syo, a large number of types had two that were Enclosure Type and Parallel Type, and then those basic styles were clarified. On the other hands there were three possible arrangement of the inspection station. For the Arrangement 1, the inspection station is located inside the basic style; for the Arrangement 2, the inspection station forms the basic style together with Okura; for the Arrangement 3, the inspection station is located outside the basic style. First, all Okura-syo are categorized according to the above basic style and arrangement of the inspection station. Next, the differences in the inspection station of the same category and their factors are clarified in terms of their form, building structure, and location of the inspection station in the site. Lastly, I consider from the viewpoint of an inspection station the cause that Okura-syo had local color.

 Chapter 3: The study on each domain led to the following four findings. First, in the basic style in the Enclosure Type, there was not the Arrangement 3 and in the basic style in the Parallel Type, the Arrangement 2 had few numbers. Second, there were differences in the form of the inspection station between the connection type and non-connection type of " Category 1, 4: non-component of basic style, on the inside". Third, there were differences in the building structure and location of the inspection station in the site between the Kaga domain and the Aizu domain, the Katsuyama domain that were categorized as " Category 2: component of basic style in the Enclosure Type", and between the Sendai domain and Kaga domain that were categorized as " Category 6: non-component of basic style in the Parallel Type, on the outside". Fourth, the method to connect Okura and an inspection station was different between the Finger Type (The Okura-syo owned by Nagaoka domain that were categorized as "Category 7") and the other types.

 Chapter 4: The difference between Enclosure Type and Parallel Type concerning the tendency of the arrangement of inspection station was clarified. And then the factor about that was basic structures peculiar to each basic styles. The factors for differences in the inspection station of the same category were examined in terms of their "(1) form, (2) building structure, and (3) location in the site". The factors for (1) were due to differences in the use of the inspection station and "building structure (partition) and the number of buildings" of Okura. The factors for (2) were due to differences in whether the main user (domain official or people in the domain). The factors for (3) were due to differences in whether the inspection station was extended or not. In the Finger Type only, the inspection station became rooms that were divided functionally.

 Chapter 5: In conclusion, the inspection station or the differences of types of building arrangement brought a variety for Okura-syo in Japan during the late Edo period.

 On Mt. Fuji, especially from the late Edo era, great numbers of pilgrims who belonged to Fuji-ko societies made worship ascents from the Yoshida Trail. Wooden huts, serving as teahouses, provided pilgrims with water from Sengen shrine at the foot of Mt. Fuji to the 5th station. Above the 5th station, stone huts managed lodgings. However, in Showa 39 (1964), the teahouses were closed upon the opening of the Fuji Subaru Line, a scenic toll road to the 5th station. As we have already confirmed the transition and construction method of stone huts from the Edo era to the Showa 30s, here, we investigate the teahouses by examining historical materials and conducting field surveys on their remains on the Yoshida Trail.

 Mt. Fuji climbing tourism continued to evolve. At the end of the Taisho era (–1926), the locations and numbers of teahouses that had been established during the end of the Edo era changed. In particular, new construction occurred around the 5.5th station. The teahouse floor plans inherited from the Edo era consisted of a room with an earthen floor, a living room, and a fireplace. We found three other types of floor plans for the main hut based on documents drawn in the Showa 30s. The first divided the room and included a kitchen instead of a fireplace, the second expanded the lean-to roof and added rooms underneath, and the third, which was based on the former two, extended guestrooms along the trail. Furthermore, more than half of the teahouses had attached huts. These plans show how the teahouses changed and added rooms from the Edo era to the Showa era.

 The teahouse construction method was simple, involving local resources, stones and wood, and opened to the trail. Many wooden members were not lumbers but logs and some parts seemed to be nonprofessionally finished. The narrow rectangular floor plans along the trail were hirairi (enter from the parallel side of the edge of roof) and had gable or hipped roof. The interior consisted of an earthen floor at the entrance and a wooden floor in the living room with a fireplace or a kitchen. The roof structure had no ceiling. The expanded guestrooms were covered with tatami mats and had a tokonoma (alcove) and saobuchi tenjyo (decorative ceiling). The roof was covered with shingles and initially held in place with stones, followed by zinc-coated steel. The outer walls and the inner partitions were composed of wooden boards. The outer walls were initially boarded with nuki (joinery) between the columns, and later covered again with weatherboards. The teahouses seemed to have been constructed using nearly the same method, independent of location.

 In addition, more than half of the teahouses had a resting place, and two types of construction methods depending on the location were confirmed. Below the 1st station, the width of the trail was wide, and teahouses lined both sides of the trail. Resting places were found under the lean-to roofs facing the trail. Above the 3rd station, where the trail was narrow, rest huts were found opposite the main hut. These attached rest huts, which appeared to be of temporary construction, were located on the valley side of the trail and provided a magnificent view. These resting places were also constructed of logs.

 This article has two purposes. One is to clarify requisitioning of land and buildings in the urban area of Nagoya. Another is to investigate the construction process and features of two dependent housing (DH) districts, American Village and Castle Heights, during GHQ’s occupation in Nagoya.

 On 26 September 1945, the vanguard unit advanced into Nagoya from Kyoto City which was the base of the 6th Army. Shortly, Nagoya became headquarters of the Tokai and Hokuriku regions (first charged areas were Aichi, Gifu and Shizuoka prefectures). In February 1946, the army’s occupation unit changed to the 5th Air Force and were stationed in Nagoya and Komaki. Before the arrival of the 5th Air Force, there were few buildings that could be requisitioned because of huge damages brought by the war. At that time, Aichi prefecture and Nagoya City was focused on war damage reconstruction. The project was carried out with Nagoya City as the enforcer. The main projects were land readjustment, road improvements such as two 100-meter-wide roads, and parks maintenance. This project was a remarkable achievement in the urban redevelopment carried out nationwide after WWII.

 GHQ ordered the construction of 20,000 dependent housing (DH) for the Japanese government on 6 March 1946. Then, the 5th Air Force planned an “American Village” close to Shirakawa town, an old commercial district in Nagoya. Furthermore, they planned “Castle Heights” near Nagoya Castle which was a former Japanese Army site, regiment headquarters, military housing and the like. During the construction, they demolished part of the former Japanese Army's facilities to create the site. As a result, Nagoya has two DH districts in the city center which was a notable feature recognized nationwide. Thereafter, local governments determined the site of the American Village in five days following the 5th Air Force request. The information on construction of the American Village was released as a prefectural notice on 1 June 1946. The measurement and planning of the American Village was carried out by the City of Nagoya as part of the war damage rehabilitation endeavor. This fact reveals that the construction projects for the occupation army and war damage rehabilitation were closely related.

 The American Village was completed in June 1947. It was designed according to GHQ’s guideline for DH construction. The DH district had nine types of houses with numerous facilities such as a church, club house, school, PX, softball ground, swimming pool and so on. Consequently, the American Village could be characterized as a small town. Castle Heights, on the other hand, was not of the same magnitude of the American Village, it was only considered a residential area.

 The 5th Air Force did not withdraw from Nagoya immediately after the Treaty of Peace with Japan took effect on 28 April 1952. This caused the late derequisitioning of land and buildings in Nagoya. It also affected war damage rehabilitation, especially with the two DH districts. The existence of the DH districts disturbed construction of the 100-meter-wide road (presently Wakamiya odori), Shirakawa Park, and two 50-meter-wide roads (presently Fushimi dori and Dekimachi dori). In fact, land and buildings owners and the City of Nagoya petitioned for release from the GHQ. The war damage rehabilitation was finally completed only after liberation.

 Since the Meiji Restoration, the penitentiary administrative system and design of penal buildings in Japan have been developed with reference to examples from Western countries as part of an institutional modernization effort. The policy has been to discipline prisoners based on benevolence and humanism, not to punish. It was around 1900 that a unified system of jurisdiction for all prisons was established in Japan by the Ministry of Justice. Since then, based on the humanitarian principles that had been set forth since the early Meiji era, the penitentiary buildings were upgraded under the organization of the Ministry of Justice, following administrative changes in the treatment and management of inmates. In 1922, “The Revised Penal Code” changed the word for ‘prison’ from "kangoku" to "keimusyo", with the clear purpose of moving from "retributionism", which punished criminals, to "educationism", which viewed prisons as institutions for the rehabilitation of prisoners. This paper considers the reform movement from around 1920, as well as structural restoration works undertaken in after the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923). This period represents an important turning point in the improvement of pre-World War II penitentiary buildings in Japan, demonstrating an identifiable new policy of penitentiary administration. This is reflected in the architectural planning of prisons, and expressed in designs utilizing the characteristics of reinforced concrete, a novel structural technology at the time.

 The new policy can be seen in the planning of three architectural aspects: plot plans, office buildings, and cellblocks. Firstly, regarding plot plans, in the Meiji and Taisho periods, a large space was created between the front gate and the office, cellblocks (for ordinary prisoners) and the factory were combined into that space. Moreover, cells that should be segregated from ordinary prisoners (e.g. female, juvenile, and sick prisoners) were housed by demarcating the premises with walls. In contrast, in the early Showa era (around 1930), the premises were divided into a "government office area" and a "prison area", and the prison area was divided into a "cell house area" and a "factory area". This change was aimed at redefining the prison as the "government office" and reforming the image of executions.

 Secondly, office buildings also reflected the new "governmental" nature of the prison. The features of the buildings include expanded functions aimed at improving staff well-being, rationalized operational flow planning, and brighter design of the facade and the interior.

 Thirdly, in the early Showa era, each prison was divided into different types of confinement cellblocks in a more detailed manner, and the “radial”, “parallel”, or “composite” layout was selected according to the nature of the inmates. Large openings and top-lighting to ensure light and ventilation, and state-of-the-art sanitary facilities were also used to improve the living environment for the inmates.

 The design of Kosuge Prison was one of the first to adopt the new execution policy at the time. Designed by Shigeo Kambara, an architectural engineer at the Ministry of Justice, it demonstrates the utmost importance placed on “purposefulness” in prison architecture as it responded to the changing needs of prisoners. By taking advantage of new structural technology, this ambitious new design strengthened the detention classification system, improved the living environment, and renewed the image of the prison.

 This paper focuses on Kim Jeong-hui, one of North Korea’s most famous urban planners. We elucidate his career before his return to North Korea in July 1953 from studying in Moscow. Furthermore, we also analyze this part of his career, discussing the following three points: (1) the historical background of Kim studying architecture at Nihon University during World War II, (2) his assumption of a leadership position in North Korean architecture soon after liberation Japanese colonial rule, and (3) the aim of his research at Moscow Architectural Institute that began in 1948.

 We reconstruct Kim’s career before he went to study in Moscow based on information contained in his Moscow Architectural Institute doctoral dissertation (submitted in July 1953) and materials from its defense. Kim was born in 1921. After graduating from Osan School, he went to Japan and studied in the Department of Architecture of Nihon University’s College of Engineering. While enrolled, in 1943 he was arrested and tortured by the Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu (Tokkō/the Secret Police) on the suspicion of participating in the communist movement. He returned to Korea in 1944. After North Korea’s liberation from colonial rule, at an early stage, Kim became the vice-chairperson of the Union of North Korean Architects. In the autumn of 1947, he went to the Soviet Union to attend graduate school at Moscow Architectural Institute.

 From our examination of this part of Kim’s career, three points become clear. First, this urban planner that played an important role in the building of the North Korean State was trained as an architectural engineer in the context of Japan’s drive to train engineers as part of its all-out wartime regime. Second, it is possible that Kim’s arrest by Japan’s Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu on ideological charges and subsequent torture played a role in his career advancement after liberation. Third, Kim went to study in Moscow to create urban planning guidelines for the construction of Pyongyang and other North Korean cities.

 Immediately after liberation, Kim still did not have any experience actually engaging in architectural work. It appears that despite this he was able to quickly assume a leading role in North Korean architecture because of his ideology-related experiences when studying in Japan, as well as the network he had cultivated at that time. We conclude that how an individual lived amidst Japanese colonial rule had a considerable meaning and influence in post-liberation North Korea.

 The start of the myth-making of the Katsura Imperial Villa as the acme of architectural aesthetics dates back to the early 1920s when the German-speaking world was beginning to be concerned about the pioneering nature of Japanese traditional dwelling’s wooden frame structure for its flexibility, openness, and close relationship of building and nature that preceded Western modernism. Manifestations of this line of interest involve Wasmuths Monatshefte für Baukunst’s earliest attention (1921/22) to a Japanese house being “full of inspiration for European architects,” and Bruno Taut’s reference in his Die Neue Wohnung in 1924.

 As those attempts were almost autonomous within the German-reading continent without sufficient reach to visual materials, ensuing interaction with the Japanese architectural world from the latter half of the 1920s greatly enhanced their knowledge production. The visit of the members of Bund Deutcher Architekten in Japan would result in the first introduction of Katsura as an intrinsically modern antiquity in the special issue of Die Form in July 1933. It was that the domestic modernist reevaluation of Katsura from Hideto Kishida’s mention in the end of the 1920s surreptitiously crossed an ocean to meet similar, but an even earlier search for a Japanese icon of the German-reading world of architecture.

 Bruno Taut emigrated to Japan simultaneously, and his literary propagations of Katsura’s modernity would be made from 1934 in Japanese, German, French, and English. But his words appeared to have told little to the indifferent French-reading world, and much less to German-reading world than Tetsuro Yoshida’s elaborate Das japanische Wohnhaus (1935); an influential work that met the exact demands by native professionals to a prompt number of reviews. Taut, in short, had an ephemeral effect just within Japanese audiences, however enormous it was.

 Given this circumstance, Japanese admiration of Katsura would become somewhat religiose in its reconstruction period after WWII, for it was naturally chosen as the appealing international symbol to promote Japanese modernity in line with the modern history of Euro-American architecture. The promotion, of course, firstly made towards American audiences: Ryuichi Hamaguchi in Architectural Forum (January 1953), Yoshinobu Ashihara in House+Home (June 1954), respectively stressed upon the significance of Katsura in the Western history of modern architecture; bibliographical pursuits from the Japanese architectural profession almost all followed this line at that time.

 While the postwar global Japonism starting from the U.S.-oriented, U.S-centric knowledge production would have something to tell centrifugally, the German-speaking world’s lasting interest in Japanese traditional architecture led Werner Blaser to come to Japan through Mies’s IIT, after which Blaser would publish Tempel und Teehaus in Japan (1955) that heavily relied upon Katsura and Mies that would soon be published in English and French (1956). Max Bill’s Italian Ludwig Miës van der Rohe (1955) was another witness to visually explain Mies’s aesthetic through Katsura.

 The myth of Katsura’s modernity had been thus formed well before Italian Architettura Cantiere (1960) featured Walter Gropius’s praise of Japanese architecture just before he and Kenzo Tange would publish Katsura: Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture in the same year. And those modernists’ interpretation of Katsura was contemporaneously rivaled by House Beautiful’s special issue on “Discover Shibui” (August 1960); Elizabeth Gordon, the anti-Miesian editor, set Katsura on the cover of the issue to deduce and trumpet yet another aesthetic from the same source as her enemy’s sympathizers.

 The study aims to reveal Charles-Edouard Jeanneret’s theories of urban morphology in the unpublished manuscript “La construction des villes” through the concept of parti, and to clarify the ideological background of the manuscript. This paper deals with the parti of city blocks.

 In chapter one, the background and structure of “La construction des villes” are briefly reviewed. Emery’s edition of “La construction des villes” consists of the esquisse of 1910, texts of 1910, and résumé of 1915. This study deals with the texts of 1910, which is the main part of the manuscript.

 In chapter two, the meaning of parti is examined. It is known that parti referred to the basic concept or layout of architecture in École des Beaux-Arts in the nineteenth century. However, it is not clear what parti means in urban design. In “La construction des villes, ” there are eighteen instances of the word parti, and the word often refers to the elements consisting of a city, such as city blocks, streets, and plazas. Jeanneret applied parti, which had been used in architecture, to urban design to mean the types of elements of the city, and discussed parti as a theme of the manuscript mainly regarding city blocks, streets, and plazas.

 In chapter three, the manuscript is examined carefully. This study deals with the elements of a city: namely city blocks, streets, and plazas, in that order. First among the subjects of this paper is the city block.

 In chapter four, descriptions of the parti of city blocks, including sentences without the word parti, are extracted. These partis are then classified into three patterns: type of courtyard, grouping, and isolation. To evaluate them, Jeanneret used the following criteria: hygiene, the number of houses per city blocks, the economy of façades, the beauty of residential yard perspectives, the diversity of street perspectives, street-facing façades, and the use of the right angle. These criteria are classified as practical or aesthetic. The former is based on principles of hygiene and of economy and consists of hygiene, the economy of façades, and the number of houses per city block. The latter comprises the beauty of residential yard perspectives, the diversity of street perspectives, street-facing façades, and the use of the right angle. It is founded on principles of the use of the right angle, diversity of perspectives, and visual closure. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that Jeanneret praised visual closure and criticized open space by using the word “vide.” On the one hand, the principles of visual closure and diversity of perspectives have a picturesque caractère, while on the other hand the use of right angle has a monumental caractère. Jeanneret evaluated positively both monumental right angles and picturesque curves, and signs of Le Corbusier’s preference for right angles seem already apparent.

 In the concluding chapter, analogies between famous housing plans and Jeanneret’s diagrams are pointed out. The row house diagram criticized by Jeanneret for its monotony resembles an industrial village in nineteenth-century England, for example, and the hexagonal diagram by Jeanneret is similar to the hexagonal alternative to rectangular plans in early nineteenth- and twentieth-century America. Therefore, it is suggested that Jeanneret’s thoughts on housing development did not stray from the norms at that time.

 Amongst all the local industries, the pour-dyeing operates mass production with some handicraft; pouring chemical dye on the folded cotton by hand makes patterns for towels and kimonos. These dyeing factories have developed along the urban river because of its use of water and great transportation links. The process and the fabric forms, such as folded or spread, determine the settings. These spatial settings disclose the close relationship between the things, architecture, and city. This research targets the dyeing factories, and aims to clarify the spatial settings from the viewpoint of the thigs used and the characteristics shown in the townscape caused by them. This paper specifically targets 6 factories from the main producing areas: 3 factories from Utsunomiya, Tochigi; 1 from around Arakawa River in Tokyo; 1 from Hamamatsu, Shizuoka; and 1 from Sakai, Osaka.

 First, manufacturing flow is grasped and organized; it is divided into 6 phases and 25 steps. The condition of the fabric is classified as the preservation, the processing, and transportation to the next process. Secondly, the spatial settings and the fabric forms are organized as a set. The usual size of the fabric is 37cm by 12.5m which is just enough to make one kimono.There are 3 different forms of the fabric; rolled up into a small size (S), folded flat into a middle size (M) and largely spreaded form (L). Also, the architectural parts such as floors, walls, ceilings, roofs, etc. are reviewed and organized. With all these factors, 13 "patterns of setting" were derived. Thirdly, the composition of factory shapes is reviewed and organized into 5 patterns by the number of the floors, the shape of the roofs and the structure.

 Finally, the relationship between things, architecture, city, and surroundings were clarified. In the Nakagawa dye factory in Utsunomiya (No. 1), the stone warehouse, creating the local town scenery, is the starting and the endpoint of the site. The two story building being the center among the seriate of one-story buildings, and the fabrics hung on the scaffold and the rods are exposed to the street and riverside. The Fukui dye factory (No. 2), which locates on a small site, the storefront is exposed on the street and washing and drying equipment on the riverside. The Ebaman dye factory (No. 3), which doesn’t face a river, has a scaffold in the middle, and the manufacturing flow expands as the fabric comes and goes from one building to another. The Murai dye factory in Tokyo (No. 4) is located in a small corner lot. The water tank and the scaffold are stacked as a unified form, and the scenery of the fabrics hanging from there makes the landmark. In the Nihashi dye factory in Hamamatsu (No. 5), all the process are completed inside the building. The variety of roof shapes are shown instead of the equipment being exposed. The building of the Nakani dye factory in Osaka (No. 6) is piled up over the entire site instead of spreading, and the scaffold in the middle makes a distinguishing characteristic of the site.

 The results stated above are the re-examining of the things, the architecture in which things are produced, the city, and the natural environment. The re-establishment of the relationship between the region and the things, which have been divided by industries since modern times, has a significant value.

 Aldo Rossi was obsessed with the schéma of cube, according to Lobsinger (2002), from Resistance Monument in Cuneo (1962, collaborated with Gianugo Polesello and Luca Meda), via Modena Cemetery (New San Catardo Cemetery in Modena, 1971-1980s), to Teatre del Monde (1979-1980).

 The study detects the origin of architectural design process of schéma of the cube in Modena Cemetery designed by Aldo Rossi. Considering the cube as “sanctuary” in the text titled “L’azzurro del cielo” (1971) directly named after the novel “Le Bleu du Ciel” written by Georges Bataille, the cube was realized in 1980s and rendered as ossuaries. Interestingly, Rossi kept the schéma of cube with square windows aligned in the grid, before the announcement of the competition of “Modena Cemetery” in May 1971.

 In Section 1, it deals Rossi’s self-analysis with drawing in the seventh volume of I quaderni azzurri (The Blue Notebooks, the reprinted diaries of Rossi, “QA07 ” as below). Judged from QA07, the architect developed the process after the self-analysis on architectural forms by drawings. In June 1971, Rossi had reckoned inner experience of the architectural elements titled “elementi dell’ architettura analitica (elements of analytic architecture)”, before designing for the competition. He exercised inner experience of the image elements, which he put importance for the design. Then he found the element of the cone, and rendered it into geometrical compositions of caffeterie [coffee pot], which was associated with his Catholic childhood in the village Somasca.

 In “elementi dell’ architettura analitica”, Rossi did not refer to the element of the cube. However, he had drawn two cubes holed with square-windows in December 1969 and February 1970.

 Section 2 shows that, Rossi drew the cube with the square windows named “il cubo scavato” in QA04. On 12 February 1970, recalling Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker, Rossi associated the cube with excavated windows with former works of him, such as Monument in Cuneo and Fountain in Milan (1962).

 Moreover, the presage of that cube was also found in QA02. On 1 December 1969, Rossi drew the cube which resembled Monument in Cuneo synthesized with square windows of Gallaratese Housing Block. The two architectures seemed to be synthesized into the cube with courtyard open to the sky, and the schéma of cube remained from 1969 to the realized cemetery.

 In Section 3, it deals “L’azzuro del cielo”, where Rossi explained the cube and cone as dominant elements in the whole project. According to The Architecture of the City, Rossi explained that the holy place for Catholic had been associated with “locus”, which consists the collective memory for the people. Considering his Marxist position as architect and Catholic education in his childhood, Rossi regarded the dead as “class”, opposite to the “living” class. The inner experience of the protagonist of the novel of Bataille visioned “the blue of the sky” in the night, was rendered to the inner experience of Rossi with drawing in QA.

 In that meaning, the cube excavated to the sky had correspondence with the title “L’azzuro del cielo”. Through the courtyard of the cube open to the sky, the dead surrounded living people with surrealistic presence. With the primarily geometrical forms, he tried to mediate the class struggle between the dead and the living people.

 The essay aims to reveal architectural communion between Manfredo Tafuri (1935-1994) and Aldo Rossi (1931-1997). Former studies such as Leach (2005) and Assennato (2019) put forward the historical comprehension of Tafuri, but few treated Rossi’s manuscripts titled I quaderni azzurri (below as QA), where Rossi referred to Tafuri. Considering Tafuri’s comments to Rossi in La sfera e il labirinto (The Sphere and the Labyrinth), the study approached their internal relationship to describes the personality of Tafuri in terms of excavating the origin of the movement La Tendenza.

 First, touching former studies, 1960’s, it discusses some architectures as Studio AUA (Architetti Urbanisti Assocciati), co-founded by Tafuri with Vieri Quilici and Giorgio Piccinato. According to Frajndlich (2016), the projects of Studio AUA shows Tafuri’s succession to Modern architect-urbanists as for Le Corbusier, L.I.Kahn and K.Tange. In Project for Centro direzionale di Torino, Studio AUA and Tafuri almost devoted themselves into large- scaled project of Modernist sense. In addition, Aureli (2007) discusses that the group of Polesello-Rossi-Meda had more critical position on the competition for Torino in 1962.

 In some sense, Tafuri nearly fell into the belief of “class architecture” for Modernist architects. In 1964, Tafuri recalled that he had been shocked by the exhibition “Michelangelo Architetto”, led and ruled by Bruno Zevi, and then that he decided to choose history.

 Then, focusing QA from 1970 to 1971, the study uncovered the friendship with Tafuri during 1970-1971 in the fifth and tenth volume of QA (below as QA05 and QA10). In QA05, Rossi objected to Tafuri and reflected whether “class architecture is impossible” on 15 May 1970. On the other hand, in QA10, Rossi copied Tafuri’s letter with poetic approval to his architecture on 21 November 1971. In their opinion, architecture is only realized by dominant class but the project would make some possibility of ‘opposition’ to refuse the existing world.

 After that, the study moved to trace their relationships in 1980 through La sfera e il labirinto, published in 1980 from Einaudi. In the annotations of the Chapter L’Archiecture dans le boudoir, Tafuri not only defended the reproach from J. Rykwert toward Rossi but also alarmed “Rossi School”. Tafuri protected Rossi from the label of “fascist architecture” in Anglo-Saxon context, while he discouraged Rossi to apply his own poesy to architectural education.

 From March to April 1980 Rossi wrote a draft for A Scinetific Autobiography (Autografica scientifica) in QA27, citing the phrases of La sfera e il labirinto. Judging from the citations, Rossi was interested in Tafuri’s view on Adolf Loos. Tafuri show analogical connection between Piranesi and Sade for the entire of analytic images, alluded to connect them to Loos, which impacted Rossi in QA28.

 Before the death, Tafuri testified that his distressed formation in childhood caused him to reproach his parents in the interview in 1992. That is why he had to choose his own education, neither Catholic nor Jewish, while Rossi almost came back in 1980s to Catholic education.

 Indeed, in 1991, Rossi confessed his disappointment in architecture in QA45. Both Rossi and Tafuri had common in architectural dilemma encouraged them to live their lives. In other words, Tafuri had communion with Rossi in the dilemma between ideology and religious policy, against the world, against his life for himself.

 “Nakagin Capsule Tower Building” established in 1972 is a world well-known architecture as a symbol of Metabolism architecture designed by Kisho Kurokawa. The architect regards capsule as living cell which have to be replaced every 25 years in order to realize the recycle system of Metabolism architecture, but never exchanged. “Nakagin Capsule Tower Building” is apartment house for single man. Total 140 capsules are attached to the core shaft. At the same time, he designed his summer cottage “Capsule K” in Karuizawa consisted by 4 capsules as an experimental house. One of them is a tea room, because tea ceremony is his hobby. However, the metabolism movement came to be ended in the late 1970’s, he has continued to design tea room since he built traditional Sukiya Architecture “Kyoju-so” and tea house “Ritsumei-an” in 1979.

 Kurokawa put the new word “Hana-Suki” for the concept of new Sukiya architecture. Then, he built his own tea room “Yuishiki-an” in 1984 which named from the philosophy of Buddhism. Finally, his last tea room “Takiminoseki” was completed in 2000 collaborate with Japanese painter Hiroshi Senju which is into a concrete box.

 The author researched his capsule architecture, tea rooms and his texts to clarify his view of capsule and tea room and concluded the following fourpoints:

 1. The expression of spoken and written words by Kisho Kurokawa are equal to the expression of architecture. He often created new words for showing his new concept of architecture and published over 100 books and had lectures. It was necessary for him to spread his new philosophy.

 2. The fundamental philosophy of the architect was formed by the experience of young ages in Kanie city of Aichi prefecture during the World War II. He learned the Buddhism at junior and high school. For example, not only the name of his tea room “Yuishiki-an” but his main philosophy “Kyosei” is also inspired from Buddhism. He spent his young ages at tea room “Yoshitsu-an” in Kanie. His grandfather was “Sukisha” which is cultural person and Sukiya collector. His grandfather gave a great impact to young Kurokawa and he got the aesthetic eyes at small tea room of traditional Skiya architecture. It led to the concept of Capsule architecture to spend at the minimum space alone.

 3. Japanese tradition gave him the inspiration for his new creation. Especially, tea room was regarded as the symbol of Japanese original culture. The concept of Japanese tradition was translated by Kurokawa and got reborn as contemporary architecture.

 4. He prefer to use the word “Kochuu” for the minimum space in his late years around 2000. He designed “Takiminoseki” into the concrete box in 2000 which was similar to Capsule architecture. Although the material was different, the concept was the same as tea room at “Capsule K”. For him, the worldview of “Kochuu” which means to feel universe at minimum space, is important to express his concept. He realized the world view of “Kochuu” was unvarying concept and has continued from the beginning of his carrier since “Capsule K” was completed in 1973.

 This study aims to elucidate what types of houses were built, what development entities, and what kind of the inhabitants lived in them, mainly based on the analysis of Daxue Road in modern suburbs in Qingdao, China.

 The modern city construction of Qingdao was influenced by the culture of Germany, Japan, and China from 1898 to 1949. Daxue Road located at the edge of the city center at that time, which is near the former site of a junior high school and a university campus. Many people from the upper class lived there. Various kinds of houses were built, and these houses, which are now a historic and vital tourism resource in Qingdao, have been conserved.

 The historical materials mainly used in this study are from "Urban Construction Archives, " which include architectural application forms, specifications, and design blueprints from 1929 to 1948 and the cadastral maps which were issued by different governing governments. Besides, "List of Japanese People Residing in China, " published in 1931, "List of Important Chinese and Foreign Personnel Currently Living in Qingdao" issued by Qingdao Public Security Bureau in 1936, is used to analyze the inhabitants.

 It is deduced that housing construction activities on Daxue Road began at the end of the First Japanese Reign Period (1914-1922). Due to the establishment of Qingdao Japan Junior High School, a housing complex was built on Daxue Road, and the residents were thought to be its Japanese teachers and employees mainly.

 Although Private Qingdao University was established during the period of the Beiyang Government of China (1922- 1929), the most active housing construction might begin around the establishment of National Qingdao University, later Shandong University, during the period of the National Government (1929-1937). Prominent businessmen, naval and educational personnel built independent houses, and duplex houses where two different families lived on different floors. These two kinds of houses resided by the upper-class Chinese.

 During second Japan's WWII occupation of Qingdao (1938-1945), the National Government and Shandong University withdrew from Qingdao. Much of the ownership of existing buildings on Daxue Road changed. During this period, construction was mainly about building attached walls or building bungalows, and there were some newly built apartment houses made by average businessmen. The inhabitants changed to the middle class.

 The construction activities of modern suburban houses in Qingdao was triggered by the establishment of educational institutions. The principal houses changed from schoolhouses to independent houses and duplex houses, and later apartment houses were built. As a result, Daxue Road has changed from space for educators to a fascinating cultural space by upper-class, then to a more mixed and matured space since it was inherited by ordinary people. Therefore, the supply and demand relationship between developers and residents was going well. A modern framework of Daxue Road has been set up from that time.

 The purpose of this thesis is to study transitions of former samurai residences during the early Meiji period. It relies on the analysis of Japanese dairies, a new industry established at the onset of the after Meiji Restauration in Tokyo, that eventually spread nationwide due to industrial development policies affecting former samurai residences. By studying patterns on the acquisition of land and management of dairies, then analyzing the space of dairy farms run in the former samurai district, which was drawn in the copperplat prints, we clarify the transformation of Tokyo urban space in the early Meiji period. It is revealed that dairies in Japan developed rapidly in urban areas prior to their establishment in rural settings, a developmental process opposite to dairies overseas. In this paper, we focus our attention on dairy farms that concentrated from 1872 in Iida-machi and Bancho districts, where many many shogunal retainers (Hatamoto) had lived during the Edo period. It is said that there were many former retainers in the milking business owners, but it became clear that there were investors such as government officials in the land acquisition of the dairy farms in the Iidamachi and Bancho area. In what concerns the management of the new industry, two phase can be identified.

 First phase, from 1872. Dairy farms will be gathered around Iidamachi and Bancho.

 The new landlords, taking advantage of the new Meiji government decrees on land sale, acquired several former shogunate residences, and relatively large estates were consolidated as a consequence. The dairy owner get the land. Furthermore, this paper also revealed details of the relationship between landlords and managers of dairies. An example of this: Yosuke Inomata became a butler of Hideharu Kawase, Feuder retainer of Miyazu domain, in 1872 and started a milking business at the land of Kawase. After several relocations, he became independent in 1876, then acquired the land of Fujimicho 4-chome(between Iidamachi and Bancho) in 1878.

 Second phase. From 1877.

 Meiji government officials were actively doing land acquisition and started to establish dairy industries. In Bancho and Iida-machi, Aritomo Yamagata and Shigeyoshi Matsuo acquired vast land. But the managers were their deacons and relatives. As urbanization progressed, a new scheme was introduced to transfer the ranch to the suburbs, bringing the cows in the milking phase while leaving the dairy intact.

 Then, We analyzed after former Samurai space detailed from the published copperplate prints of the dairy farms. In some of the dairy farms depicted, the Nagaya and the Omoya were used as milk store. On the other hand, in some prints, the Nagaya was removed, and fences were created at the boundaries of the site to be a space where the inside could be seen. Spatial arrangement of dairy farms, thus, was closely related to the space of former samurai residences with the sole additions of industry dedicated edifices, like livestock buildings and pasture grounds.

 In summary, ownership of former samurai land was traded dynamically and new industries flourished actively. As a result, even while some existing buildings were kept amidst new structures such as cowsheds and grazing grounds, the formerly off-limits retainer residences of the Edo Period were opened to commoners during the Meiji Period, as nagaya barracks were torn down or converted into outward-facing dairy retail stores.

 1. INTRODUCTION

 Every time a new problem arises in concrete, solutions for it have been sought. Although handling processes for it has been left in historical timelines of academic associations, the efforts of companies have not been included. As a result, when a new problem arises, we cannot utilize the experience and have quick response.

 In this study, a status of patent and utility model applications filed by domestic companies is analyzed. And, a handling problem process that includes the efforts of them is identified. In addition, one model of handling processes by using alkali aggregate reaction as an example is clarified.

 2. SURVEY SUMMARY

 A population of unexamined patent publications to be searched is formed. They are classified them according to industries to which their applicant belongs and technology, and then identify a technology development process according to the classifications, the filing year, and the number of applications.

 3. POPULATION SETTING

 This study deals with a population of 1456 unexamined patent publications for the period studied, 1973-2017.

 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 4.1 NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS BY INDUSTRY

 From Fig. 1 to Fig. 3, it can be seen that the applicants of CE have a large number of patents, although their number is small. It is found that CE led the resolution of the alkaline aggregate reaction.

 4.2 NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS PER FILING YEAR BY INDUSTRY

 From Fig. 4, it can be seen that industries that start filing earlier have a higher number of applications.

 4.3 NUMBER OF INVENTORS PER APPLICANT IN EACH INDUSTRY

 CE is devoting the most human resources to solving the alkali aggregate reaction in filing patents and is the most prominently focused on handling among the early-term group.

 4.4 PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED PATEMT IN EARLIEST 20 APPLICATIONS

 CE is presumed to have a high registration rate and to be able to incorporate a number of technologies that have inventive step and novelty to handle alkali aggregate reaction into their products and services, and the contribution of CE to solving the problem of alkali aggregate reaction is notably higher among the early-term group.

 4.5 APPLICATIONS BY TECHNOLOGY

 4.5.1 THE NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS BY PURPOSE

 The number of RR patents is large and continues to increase, maintaining a slope.

 4.5.2 THE NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS BY TARGET

 From Fig. 15, the number of BM applications is increasing.

 4.6 THE TERM OF PATENTS BY AN EARLY-GROUP

 From Fig. 16 to .18, it can be seen the number of RR patent applications filed and RR patents is large. The technology of RR is likely to be the most emphasized and utilized as a countermeasure against alkali aggregate reaction.