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Hideichi TORII
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
1-2
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009
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Niro TOMO, Yasumoto FUCHINOUE, Hiroko FUCHINOUE
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
2-8
Published: October 30, 1956
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The favorable condition for pollen preservation was researched and low temperature and relative humidity of about 60% were found to be suitable. The pollen grains preserved in such condition maintained good germinating capacity even after 31 days and no difference was found among varieties, but in else conditions varietal difference was noticed and Yamatomidori showed strong resistance to high temperature and low humidity, and Yabukita showed opposite tendency.
Preservations of flower and bud did not give, so good effect as that of pollen. In actual practice, the fertilizing capacity of preserved pollen grains was presumed by their germinating power on the medium, and the decline of germinating power was followed by the reduction of fertilizing ability. Further-more, the growth of fruits fertilized by such pollen grains was bad. When the pollen grains were collected in good weather time, the preservation of pollen was comparatively easy and this method seems to be available for the crossing experiment.
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Hideichi TORII
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
9-13
Published: October 30, 1956
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1. It was proved that a linear regression was existed between the plucking date of the variety "Tamamidori" in the 1st season and log of "Shinga-ritsu" (% of pekoe in the plucked leaves).
The Debiraki-day (the last day when all of the plucked tea leaves maintained pekoes) was estimated and its fiducial limit was computed in every year from 1949 to 1954.
2. The Debiraki-day was influenced by the atmospheric temperature since March. Especially it was likely that the Debiraki-day was decided by the sum of daily average temperature during a month from the end of March to the middle of April.
The Debiraki-day in this year (1956) estimated from the regression equation upon average temperature quite closely coincided with the observed data. (Aug. 23, 1956)
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On the Apparatus for Measuring CO2 Exchange and Some Date on the Assimilation Rate of Tea Plant
Shigeo HARADA, Terutaka KANOO, Yasumasa WATANABE, Shinsuke SAKAI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
14-18
Published: October 30, 1956
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Refering to the method of TOGARI (1955) and MATSUSHIMA (1955), the authors constructed an apparatus for mesuring photosynthetic rate of the tea plant. The construction of a single unit is shown diagrammatically in Fig.1.
A blower (A) sends air through a cooler with constant flow to a plant chamber. The flow of the air is measured with a cylindrical nozzle (D) and adjusted at the blower. A part of the air is sucked out by a vacuum pump as a sample air, and after being measured its velocity with a flow meter (P), it passes through an absorber (R) placed in a water bath (S) of constant temperature.
The CO
2 took up by the plant is determined by measuring the electrical conductivity of the absorbing solution in the apparatus with an impedance bridge and calculating from the calibration chart. The rate of photosynthesis (apparent assimilation) can be computed by reducing the amount of absorbed CO
2 from that of the blank set, with an accuracy of 0.01 mg./L.
With this apparatus, the authors have been engaged in the studies concerning the diurnal changes of the rate of carbon assimilation of tea plant, and some results are reported in this paper as an example. From the result of this experiment, the light saturation point of tea plant seems to be in the limits of from 0.6 to 0.8 cal.
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Akinori EZUKA, Hideo KIBUSHI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
19-20
Published: October 30, 1956
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Cephaleuros virescens KUNZE. is commonly found on leaves of tea and the other various plants in Japan, without showing any appreciable injury in general.
Thirty-four host plants of this alga observed by the, authors are listed in Table 1, including 23 new to Japan. All of these plants are ever-green, having hard, polished leaf surface, on which the alga is attached.
Cephaleuros parasiticvs, the causal alga of "red rust, " has not yet been recorded from our country.
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Akinori EZUKA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
21-33
Published: October 30, 1956
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1. Since 1954 the author has investigated some ecological characters of blister blight (Exobasidium vexans MASS.) and Japanese Exobasidium blight (=net-blister blight) (E. reticulatum ITO et SAW.) of tea, both of which are the members of the most serious tea diseases in Japan.
2. Primary symptoms of blister blight were found on 1st to 4th opened leaves from the top, while those of Japanese Exobasidium blight were on 5th to 9th: the latter appeared on rather older leaves than the former.
3. Inoculation experiments showed that the invasion of the blister blight fungus occurred only when the leaf tissue was very young.Usually, 3rd opened leaf or more older one did not permit the invasion of this fungus.
4. From April to July, 1954, the relation between the climatic condition and the outbreak of blister blight was examined in the field. The conclusion was that the temperature range favourable to this disease was 15-22°C (daily average), and that the most responsible factor for the sudden outbreak was the long duration of high humidity and lack of sunlight in the period preceding the outbreak, when the causal fungus invaded the host tissues.
5. Field observations from March to June, 1955, proved that the Japanese Exobasidium blight fungus overwintered in the living leaf tissue around the dead area attacked in the last season. Though the majority of such diseased leaves died and fell off in winter and spring, the remained ones newly beared white, reticulated hymenia of the causal fungus in May and June, when the daily average temperature rised above 14°C.
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Hideo KIBUSHI, Akinori EZUKA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
34-38
Published: October 30, 1956
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In 1954 and 1955, spraying and dusting trials against tea blister blight (Exobasidium vexans MASS.) were carried out.
Bordeaux mixture (0.40-0.6), Sankyo-Bordeaux (1/400), Fuji-Bordeaux (1/400), and Cupravit Ob-21 (1/480) were all effective, . being recommendable in practice. Dithane Z-78 (1/480) and Karathane WD (1/480) were not so effective.
Perenox, Riogen (mercury wettable powder), and various dusts were presumably effective, yet the data were too few to determine their practicability.
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Masaru OSAKABE
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
39-44
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009
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The occurrence period of tea small tortrix (Adoxophyes privatana WALKER) was estimated by the light trap.
1. In the field within about 500 meter from the trap lamps, the emergence time of the adult insect coincided with the time of capture by the lamps.
2. It was difficult to estimate exactly the occurrence time of larvae from the results of light trap and indoor feeding experiment, for the larvae insect grew faster in indoor condition than in field.
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Jinhaku MINAMIKAWA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
45-51
Published: October 30, 1956
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1. The parasites of Euproctis pseudoconspersa STRAND were here recorded.
1. Trichogramma dendrolimi MATSUMURA (egg parasite).
2. Telenomus euproctidis WILCOX (egg parasite).
3. Apanteles conspersae FISKE (larvae parasite).
4. Sturmia picta BARANOFF (larvae parasite).
5. Eutachina japonica TOSNSEN (larvae parasite).
6. Dolicholon 4-setosum BARANOFF (larvae parasite).
7. Brachymeria euploeae HOPE (pupae parasite).
2. In laboratory tests on the botanical and synthetic insecticides against caterpillars, best results were given by Parathion, EPN, Diazinon, Malathion and Dipterex.
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Survey on the Properties of Pan-Parched Teas Made with Several Tea Varieties
Kenji UENO, Toshio HARA, Akimitsu MOTOMURA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
52-62
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009
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1. In order to establish the special manufacturing method of exportable pan-parched tea, the relation between the characteristics of tea varieties and qualities of tea was examined and the suitable varieties were selected among some 29 domestic tea varieties from 1949 to 1955.
2. The shape (length of leaf/width of leaf), thickness, and color of fresh leaves indicated the varietal characteristics, but the relation between the characteristics of fresh leaves and the qualities of tea showed no definite result except between the color of leaves and that of teas.
3. A high correlation existed between the ranking of tea style by the sensory test and the specific volume of tea, and it was recognized that the tea style could be estimated by measuring the specific volume, but the latter did not indicate the varietal difference because the annual or seasonal fluctuation was very remarkable.
4. The color of tea indicated the varietal characteristics very clearly, however, the relation between the color of tea and its sensory estimation was not distinct.
5. On the color of liquor, the varietal difference was noticed only in the composition of color, but no definite relation was obtained among the composition, deepness, and its sensory estimation.
6. On the relation between the chemical constituents and the qualities of, tea, the varieties which contained higher total nitrogen or tannin had a superior qualities to those of lower contents, especially in the case of tea style.
7. As the result of these experiments, the following eight varieties, i. e., U 6, U 12, Tamamidori, C 3, C 4, C 5, C 19, and S 27 were proved to be suitable for pan-parched tea. This research will be continued adding newly selected several varieties to the above eight ones.
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On the Color Grading of Liquor of Black Tea with Electric Photometer
Kenji UENO, Toshio HARA, Akimitsu MOTOMURA, Tsuneo HORI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
63-71
Published: October 30, 1956
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1. In order to establish the color grading method of black tea infusion, the transmission percentage of the infusion of 222 samples collected from 1954 to 1955 was determined by an electric photometer with the three filters (cobalt-blue, blue, and red) and a cuvett of 10 mm. depth.The percentages of white, black and color components were determined by the OSTWALD'S method. The ratios of transmission values through the cobalt-blue filter to those through the blue one (C/B) were calculated for expressing the color composition. And the relation between the ratio and the sensory estimation of these infusions was examined.
2. The sensory estimation had a negative correlation with the percentage of white component, while a positive one with the percentage of black or color component. It was considered that the color of black tea infusion could be estimated by the ratio of color component.
3. The color composition of black tea infusion could be estimated by the C/B value, when the ratio was less than 0.95, the color was yellowish, and when more than 0.99 it was reddish.
4. The color of infusion of excellent black teas had the value of less than 30%, less than 10%, and more than 60% of white, black and color components respectively, and the C/B ratio was more than 1.0.
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Yoshio KUWABARA, Tadakazu TAKEO, Akira FURUHATA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
72-77
Published: October 30, 1956
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The role of oxidative enzymes in the black tea fermentation was investigated by the V-C method.
1. The enzyme activities were varied by the substrates used. The peroxidase activity indicated about 20-30% higher value by d-catechin as the substrate than by tea-tannin, while the polyphenoloxidase increased its activity several folds by the latter substrate.
2. In the black tea manufacturing process, the peroxidase activity reached the highest value after 6-10 hr. -withering, then declined remarkably. And the polyphenoloxidase activity reached the highest at the rolling or the early fermentation process by using d-catechin as the substrate, but by tea-tannin, it maintained a higher value from the beginning, and showed no remarkable fluctuation through the process. It was considered that the polyphenoloxidase might be activated by the oxidized tanning substance accumulated in the black tea fermentation process.
3. In the hot-air withering, the following treatments, i. e., 42°C. (leaf temp.), 30 min.; 42°C., 60 min., inhibited the peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities respectively.
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Hideichi TORII, Isao ÔTA, Jun KANAZAWA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
78-82
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009
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The tea leaves have been sampled during the rapid-growing period of the shoots. A slight difference of harvesting time had susceptible influence on the maturity of the leaves, as well as on their physical and chemical properties. As it is verey difficult to decide the best plucking time technically, the calculation of chemical constituents in the tea leaves is not available unless the maturity of the leaves is adjusted to a standard level. Then, the relation between the chemical constituents (tannin and total nitrogen) and the maturity of the leaves (indicated by the ratio of the bhanji shoot) was researched by a uniformity trial of sampling of the variety "Tamamidori" on the tea garden.
In regard to the chemical constituents, no adjustment by the maturity of leaves was necessary for total nitrogen, as far as these surveys were concerned, but it is easily presumed that some adjustment to this constituent would be required if the sampling conditions would be varied. Whereas, an adjustment by the maturity of the leaves was necessary for tannin, even in the case.of these samples having such a narrow range of maturity.
For the most reasonable tannin value, the data were adjusted by the maturity of the leaves at the best plucking time and the confident limits of the adjusted values were also calculated.
The sample size for obtaining a balanced sampling to the accuracy of the chemical determination of tannin and total nitrogen was calculated; it was found to be satisfied with 10 samples when the maturity of the sample did not exceed so far from that of the leaves at the best plucking time.
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(Part 1) Paper Chromatography of Polyphenols in the Petal
Yutaka SAKAMOTO
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
82-84
Published: October 30, 1956
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As the results of study on the polyplenols in the petals of tea flower by paper chromatography, it was found that almost all kinds of polyphenols, especially catechins, contained in the tea leaves existed also in the petals of the flower.
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(Part 2) Isolation of Caffeine from the Petals
Yutaka SAKAMOTO
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
84-85
Published: October 30, 1956
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I have isolated 0.1% caffeine on dry basis from the petals of tea flowers.
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(Part 3) The Relationship between the Quality of Green Tea and Pectin Content
Toshio NAKABAYASHI, Hiroatsu WASHIYAMA, Fumio ISHIDA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
86-89
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009
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In order to study the relationship between the quality of green tea and pectin number, the pectin content of green teas has been estimated by the enzyme-colloidal titration method.
The pectin number parallels with the quality of steamed green tea and indicates the following values, i. e., gyokuro 120-70, sencha 90-10, bancha 7.
The pan-parched green tea is divided into two groups, i. e. Japanese and Chinese, from the viewpoint of their pectin number and the pectin number of Chinese pan-parched green tea is higher than that of Japanese.
From the results of this experiment, it is concluded that the pectin number is a good index of the quality of green tea.
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(Part 1) Chemical Change of Essential Oil on the Black Tea Manufacture
Toshio NAKABAYASHI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
90-92
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: July 31, 2009
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For the purpose of improving the black tea aroma, the chemical change of the essential oil of tea leaf in the black tea manufacture has been studied.
The quantity of essential oil considerably increased in the withering and didd not much decrease in the fermentation and the drying.
The quantity of acid and ester increased in the rolling but decreased in the drying.
The quantity of volatile carbonyl compounds markedly increased and did not much decrease in the drying, and when the essential oil was treated with NaHSO
3, the black tea aroma was lost.
It was, therefore, supposed that the volatile carbonyl compounds were closely related to the black tea aroma.
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(Part 2) Estimation of Volatile carbonyl Compounds in Black Tea
Toshio NAKABAYASHI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
93-97
Published: October 30, 1956
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In order to make clear the relationship between the quality of volatile carbonyl compounds (VCC) and black tea aroma, the estimation method of VCC of black tea was studied.
Five g. of black tea in 150 c. c. of water was warmed at 150-160°C. in an oil bath and the distiled steam containing the essential oil was catched with the ice-cold 15 c. c. of 0.75N NaHSO
3 solution. After the excessive NaHSO
3 was oxidized with 1 N I solution and carbonyl-NaHSO
3 compound was decomposed with NaHSO
3, the isolated NaHSO
3 was titrated with N/100 I solution, and so the quantity of titrated N/100 I was equivalent to the quantity of VCC in the black tea.
The quantity of VCC of several black tea was estimated by this method and it was found that the better the aroma of black tea the less the quantity of VCC. (Sept. 1, 1956)
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Water Culture Method and the Deficiency Symptoms of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium
Yoshiro MUKASA, Sôgo KAWAI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
97-100
Published: October 30, 1956
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The water culture method and some nutrient deficiency symptoms of the young tea plant were investigated.
The supply of oxygen was most important in water culture of the tea plant and in this experiment, oxygen was supplied by renewal of the culture solution once four days and addition of 3% H
2O
2 into the culture solution every morning and evening. Though further experiments will be required to evaluate the effect of O
2 supply by H
2O
2 on the tea plant, addition of H
2O
2seemed to be effective to prevent the outbreak of root rot.
The deficiency symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium were detected. The distinct symptoms of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency could be showed. As same as other crops, the nitrogen deficient leaf gradually became yellowish-green and this was followed by retardation of growth, shortening and stiffening of shoot, In phosphorus deficient plant, the leaf surface became smooth, the leaf color dark-green, and these leaves formed nallow angles with the stem. The old leaves gradually became yellow from the tip.
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Behavior of Phosphorus (P32)
Sôgo KAWAI, Kôzô ISHIGAKI, Yoshirô MUKASA
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
101-104
Published: October 30, 1956
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The absorption and distribution of P
32 in the tea plant were investigated by the solution culture and field experiment. The results were summarized as follows.
1. It was found that the greater parts of P
32 were accumulated in the younger leaves and most abunduntly in the growth point.
2. The absorption of P was apparently affected by pH of the culture solution, and at pH 5, it was the largest.
3. P
32 was detected more abundantly in the tea plant cultured in black soil than in red soil.
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Yoshirô MUKASA, Sôgo KAWAI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
104-107
Published: October 30, 1956
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In the leaves of tea plants cultured with the following four fertilizing treatments since 1941, i. e., complete, without potassium, without phosphorus, and without potassium and phosphorus plots, total-N, water-soluble-N, tannin, caffeine, sugar, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus were determined in 1953.
The old leaves were sampled on 2nd of March, and young leaves were plucked in the first and third plucking seasons.
Though any distinct difference could not be observed on the growth of plants among the four plots, phosphorus and potassium were contained in larger amount not only in the soil but in the leaves of the plots supplied with these elements.
It was found that magnesium content in the old leaves was less in the potassium fertilizing plots than in other plots.
Total-N content was increased in the old leaves, and decreased in the young ones with the supply of potassium. Tannin content of the young leaves was larger without phosphorus in the first season, but without potassium in the third season.
Caffeine content was larger with potassium in the old leaves, but without phosphorus in the young leaves (the first season).
Reducing sugar content was larger without potassium in the old leaves and the young ones in the third season, but with phosphorus in the latter in the first season.
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Sôgo KAWAI, Kôzô ISHIGAKI, Hiroji TAKAYANAGI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
108-111
Published: October 30, 1956
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In the first and third plucking seasons, the mineral contents (silicon, phosphorus, potassium calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and sulphur) in leaves at different positions on the stem of tea plant were determined.
It was observed that in the leaves of upper position contained more phosphorus, potassium and magnesium but less silicon, calcium iron and manganese and in those of lower position, the opposite relation existed. Sulphur contents of the leaves did not varied at any position.
This tendency was almost same in both plucking seasons.
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Tohei ADACHI
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
112-123
Published: October 30, 1956
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M. A. BOKUCHAVA, W. R. POPOV
1956 Volume 1956 Issue 8 Pages
124-128
Published: October 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: December 03, 2009
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