The effect of CCA on nonspecific resistance to infection with extracellular or intracellular parasites was studied using normal or host-defense decreased mice.
The number of survival animals were one-seventh 7 days after intraperitoneal infection with P. aeruginosa J-163 (challenge dose, 5.37×10⁷ cells/mouse), and it increased to about 22% by oral pretreatment with CCA, 50mg/kg once daily for 4 days, in normal mice. When the mice with decreased host-defense that produced by intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg once daily for 4 days were infected with P. aeruginosa J-163 (challenge dose, 3.2×10² cells/mouse), the number of survival cases were one-fifth 7 days after infection, and it increased to about 24% by pretreatment with CCA using at the same time of cyclophosphamide. The protective effects of ceftezole against P. aeruginosa or K. pneumoniae infection were enhanced and their ED₅₀ values were reduced 13-24%, when CCA administered to the host-defense decreased mice before infections.
In mice infected intravenously with M. tuberculosis subsp. bovis Ravenel (challenge dose, 4.5×10⁵ cells/mouse), the pre-and post-treatment of CCA (50mg/kg orally once daily for 7 days before and after the challenge) with various antimicrobial agents (1/2 ED₅₀ dose, subcutaneously or orally once olaily for 7 days after the challenge) revealed an increase in the root lung index and a decrease in the formation of lung tubercule in the necropsy mice. But no significant difference was observed in the survival rate as well as the mobility of body weights between CCA and non treated groups.
Furthermore, CCA activated phagocytosis, killing activity, NBT-reducing activity of macrophages and polymorpho nuclear lucocytes and also carbon clearance of the host.
From the experimental results mentioned above, it could be concluded that CCA may strengthen the resistance to infection with extracellular and intracellular parasites through potentiation of the nonspecific defense functions such as polymorpho nuclear leucocytes, macrophages and several cellular immunity of the host.

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Effect of antibiotics on single culture of E. coil or P. aeruginosa and the mixed culture of these two organisms were studied using a continuous flow culture apparatus, as a model experiment for the polymicrobial infection in a urinary tract.
When 3×10² cfu of P. aeruginosa was added into steady state growth of E. coli (2×10⁷ cfu/m) or in vise versa, a slight growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa after 6 hrs of inoculation during 18 hrs or a light growth promotion after 6 hrs of inoculation during 18 hrs, were observed, respectively.
Growth inhibition of neither P. aeruginosa nor E. coli was observed in the culture inoculated these organisms without time lag.
The increment of cell population after temporarily decrease of viable cell by administration of antibiotics (gentamicin, cefsulodin, or nalidixic acid) occured much earlier in the case of mixed culture than in the case of single culture.
Changes of viable numbers in mixed culture after addition of gentamicin, cefsulodin and nalidixic acid resulted that a lighter decrease of both strains than in the case of the single culture, that population of E. coli dropped much more than P. aeruginosa and that no significant change of cell populations was observed, respectively.
Several possible mechanisms to interpret these results especially the drug permeability of cell outer membrane are discussed.

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An experimental urinary tract infection model was prepared in mice using clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The establishment of ascending pyelonephritis was compared to that induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pyelonephritis was distinctly caused by 3 of 10 strains of A. calcoaceticus based on bacteriological and histological examinations. Induction of pyelonephritis with these strains was possible by the inoculation of 10⁴-10⁵ cells/mouse. The results of various tests revealed that the onset and progression of P. aeruginosa-induced pyelonephritis was intense and continuous, whereas that caused by A. calcoaceticus progressed moderately without very severe tissue disturbances. The other 7 strains differed in their virulence, bacteriological examination revealed a wide range in the numbers of viable cells in the kidney. The relationship between peritoneal infections (lethal) and urinary tract infections was investigated without finding any distinct association.

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Clinical efficacy and safety of cefmenoxime (CMX, SCE-1365), a new injectable cephalosporin synthesized by Takeda Chemical Ind., was evaluated in the field of dermatology.
CMX was administered to 67 cases in all who were employed for safety analysis while 61 of pyoderma cases only were employed for efficacy analysis. 0.5 to 4g of CMX was administered daily for 2 to 17 days and 85.2%(52/61) cases responded well to CMX treatment. Large number of causative organisms consist of S. aureus or S. epidermidis and clinical effectiveness classified by organisms was 75.9%(22/29) and 90.9%(10/11) respectively.
Regarding side effects, unsteady feeling was observed in 1 case (1.5%) and, as for abnormal change of laboratory finding, each slight elevation of GOT and slight decrease of RBC values was observed in 1 case (1.5%) respectively. All symptom was, however, mild and transient one.
From this study, it is considered that CMX is a useful drug for the treatment of infectious diseases of dermatological field from the view point of safety and efficacy.

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Ceftezole (CTZ) was injected intravenously at a dose of 1.0g to the patients with various degree of renal impairment and chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis and the serum concentrations of CTZ were assayed by the paper disc method using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as a test organism, and the following results were obtained.
1) In patients with various degree of renal impairment, serum levels and half-lives were higher in proportion to highering of serum creatinine.
2) In patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis, serum levels and half-lives were lower than in undialysed patients because of high rate of removal of CTZ from artificial kidney.

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A multicenter well-controlled comparative study of cefroxadine and a long-acting preparation of cephalexin (L-cephalexin) was performed. Patients admitted to the present study were limited to the following diseases: furuncle, furunculosis, carbuncle, folliculitis (except acne), cellulitis and lymphangitis. The patients were over 12 years of age and weighed more than 25kg.
Cefroxadine was administered in capsules at the dosage of 250mg two times a day after meals in the morning and in the evening. Cephalexin was given in granules prepared for longer action (L-cephalexin) at the dosage of 500 mg two times u day after meals in the morning and evening. No patient was treated longer than 8 days. Each drug was packed to fill a course of 7 day treatment. Pain, redness and edema were the main symptoms checked. The total number of patients was 99; 52 for cefroxadine and 47 for Lcephalexin. One patient in the cefroxadine group and 5 in the L-cephalexin group were excluded. There were 3 dropouts each in the cefroxadine and L-cephalexin group. Thus, 87 patients, 48 on cefroxadine and 39 on L-cephalexin, were submitted to clinical evaluation. Side effects were analyzed in 93 patients, 49 on cefroxadine and 44 on L-cephalexin.
The overall efficacy was evaluated subjectively by attending doctors. Taking into consideration the time needed for marked improvement and the severity of the disease, the attending doctors graded the results as excellent, good, fair or poor. Patients evaluated as better than “good” were 39 of 48 (81.3%) for cefroxadine and 32 of 39 (82.1%) for Lcephalexin. The difference between the two drugs was not statistically significant.
In evaluation of the degree of improvement on each follow-up day, we found no statistically signifficant difference between the two drugs as to any grade of improvement on any evaluation day.
Evaluation was partially standardized, by totalling the difference of points for pain, redness, and edema, which were calculated by subtracting the grade number on each observation day from the grade number at the first visit. No statistically significant difference between the two drugs were found as to any grade of effectiveness on any evaluation day.
A patient on L-cephalexin complained of a feeling of thirst. No other side effect was observed in either group of the drugs.
In conclusion, cefroxadine 250 mg two times a day was considered to be as effective as L-cephalexin 500mg two times a day against acute skin infections.

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107 women with acute uncomplicated cystitis infected with E. coli were treated with cefroxadine (125mg or 250mg twice a day) or cephalexin (125mg or 250mg twice a day) in a double-blind manner. Clinical and bacteriological follow-up evaluation were conducted within three days after therapy was begun.
Bacteriological response of the group treated with cefroxadine 500mg per day was superior to that of cefroxadine 250mg per day, and cephalexin 500mg per day superior to cephalexin 250mg per day, But, we couldn'n find no significant difference between cefroxadine 250mg per day and cephalexin 250mg per day, and between cefroxadine 500mg per day and cephalexin 500mg per day.
The infecting microorganisms were eliminated within a few treatment day. In this study, bacteriological responses were not correlated with the MIC values of infecting microorganisms.
Rates of clinical efficacy and disappearance rates of pyuria were not significantly different between treatment groups in each drug regimen.
Both cefroxadine and cephalexin were tolerated well, and no significant difference in incidence of unfavorable reaction was found between these two agents.

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An acidic polysaccharide, Chlon A, was purified from the hot water extract of Chlorela pyrenoidosa by ion exchange chromatograpy and gel filtration. Ultracentrifugal analysis of he Preparation indicated that it was homogeneous, and the following monnsaccharides were. released by complete acid hydrolvsis: rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, galactosc, and glucuronic arid Chlon A acts as interferon inducer in vitro and in vivo. When mice wcre given Chlon A I. V. a rebuively high titer of interferon was observed in the serum 2.5 hours after the injection. Interferon induced by Chlon A in mice was not γ-type since it was relatively stable. at 56°C and pH 2.0 Chlon A suppressed the appeatraince of pocks in the tail skin of mice challenged with vaccinia virus. The protective activities of Chlon A were also observed against influenza virus infections in mice by an increase in the burvival rate. Chlon A also showed antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma inoculated into ddY mice.

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