Walsh function system is a representative rectangular wave form orthogonal function system. In this paper, the author summarize the orthogonal function, Walsh function system, Hadamard matrix and Walsh-Hadamard transform. And then, two programs are provided, which generate the Walsh order Hadamard matrix and perform fast Walsh-Hadamard transformation.

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We produced slope gradation maps, which show dip of ground as gray scale image, from Digital Map 50m Grid (Elevation), precise DEM data covering the whole Japan. We tried to interpret geomorphology and geology using the maps. The maps are useful in interpreting geomorphology of lowlands (terraces), mountains, volcanoes and landslide areas. The maps are also useful in interpreting geology, that is lineaments suggesting tectonic line and fault, and boundary of distribution area of some kinds of rocks. Prewitt type or Sobel type operator is better than Roberts type operator to calculate dip for the interpretation. We compared slope gradation map with other types of map describing topography, that is contour map, DEM image and hill shading map. Slope gradation map is the best among them for interpreting geomorphology and geology.
“Brightness, ”“uniformity, ”“line intervals, ”“sharpness” and “directional characteristics” are basic interpretation keys for slope gradation map.“Brain like pattern, ”interlocking structure of bright lines corresponding to ridges and ones corresponding to valleys on a dark background corresponding to slopes, is one of the most important interpretation key in mountains. In conclusion, slope gradation map is very important material for investigation of geomorphology and geology.

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Geophysical investigations are recognized as reliable and mobile tool for non-destructive detection of archaeological targets. In the paper the physical principles of the main geophysical methods used in archaeology are shortly described. These methods are: magnetic, resistance, ground-penetrating radar, shallow seismics, induced polarization, very low frequency method, spontaneous polarization, gravitational method and near-surface thermal prospecting. For each geophysical method the most favorable archaeological objects are selected. The typical noises complicated geophysical investigations at archaeological sites in Israel (and, apparently, in many other regions of the world) are compiled in a block-scheme. For calculation of these noises the special non-conventional system of geophysical data interpretation (its main component is the magnetic method of geophysical prospecting) under complicated environments has been developed. A process of magnetic data interpretation is presented on examples of four typical archaeological sites situated in southern, central and northern Israel and on the coastal plane of Israel.

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Biometry is an important part of description in micropaleontologic taxonomy. New measurement system for microfossils was developed in this paper, in which microscopic observational work is semi-automated, the number of measurement devices is reduced, and measurement data can be used in other studies.Recent Distephanus speculum (Silicoflagellate) was used for the system evaluation, as it has a simple skeleton which can be treated as a wire-flame image on computer graphics. This measurement system can successfully convert the skeletal image to numerical data, and it is suggested from the statistical analysis of the data thatD. speculumcan be devided into two groups from statistical analysis.

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