In this perspective paper we intended to review application of DEM and the other grid maps of landform classification, geology, pedology, vegetation, climate and hydrology to remote-sensing and numerical simulation of potential environmental change under CO₂ climate.
Combination of digital maps and satellite images is of wide application. For instance we can analyse topographic situations and climatic conditions from the DEM for all pixels in the image. Air-temperature of each pixel can be estimated by using elevations and lapse rates calculated from observed values at altitude-known stations. The cumulative value of daily air-temperature is known to be essential for vertical arrangement of mountain vegetation belt recognized in the image. The daily temperature serves also for the forecast of snow-melt runnoff from snow-covered pixels in the image.
Distribution of agricultural landuse (dry and paddy field) and natural vegetation zoning (laurel, deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forests, and alpine non-forest zone) in Japan is controlled mainly by topographic situations and warmth in summer. Adopting these statistic relationship between them as a model, we can simulate the influence of atomospheric warming on vegetation and landuse.
In the latter half of this paper we gave an overview about necessary functions of a data processing system for raster-type digital maps. And we described two examples of algorithms needed for efficient processing of drainage net structures in the DEM. The algorithms serves for runnoff prediction and drainage water budget analysis.

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The descriptions of soil or rock classification in drilling-log were converted into numerical values, then the quantificated log data were transformed into the spectral intensity of Walsh rectangular waveform function. Analysis were performed on 142 of drilling log data of 12m depth from ground surface obtained in the eastern area of Muroran City, Hokkaido, Japan.
The results obtained here are as follows;
(1) The spectrum of each number of zero crossing shows the characteristics of variation in soil classification under the ground surface.
(2) The spectral intensity of 0 time of zero-crossing have a considerable information on the variation of soil classification. Consequent low number of zero-crossing spectra, such as from 1 to 7 times of zero-crossing, are more informable than the other higher number of ones.
(3) Almost of spectra of one time of zero-crossing were negative in the whole area of eastern Muroran. The finding indicates that the quantificated value in the lower half part of underground of 12m depth from ground surface is larger than the upper half. In this way, the spectral contour maps of each number of zero-crossing should be interpreted according each waveform.
(4) From topographical view point, the drilling points higher than 5 times of superior number of zero-crossing are found in the area of old river mouth or talus in the eastern part of the City.
(5) The selection of drilling-logs by means of cluster analysis makes it easy to interpret the spectral contour maps.

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A processing system for the precise levelling data by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan using personal computer is made, which is written in MS-DOS version N88BASIC language. The levelling data along many routes are deviled into the data along one route between two nodes and they are set in files. Those files are combined each other.
The system can be applied to the data of levelling and height of topography along the route.
The authors applied the system to the levelling data and the height of topography along the route from Yasuda, Niigata Pref., to Taira, Fukushima Pref., and analyzed the result. The relevelling survey along the route was executed 4 times for 77 years from 1897 to 1974, and the relevelling data show that the route is composed of Joetsu-Iide Mts., Inawashiro Basin and Abukuma Mts., each of which is characterized by the characteristic height change and vertically displaced largely near the boundary.

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The author has offered the programs for stcrcographic projection and paleo-stress field from conjugate faulu set as GEOPAK-88. Then he also offers the program for stress trajectories and to convert the data of Lotus1-2-3 into those of the above-stated program.

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