As the phenomenon is called ＂Running boom＂, the number of people who enjoy running activities has been increasing dramatically. Most runners participating in city marathon recognize such running activities as leisure activities. In leisure studies, there is tons of research on motivations to participate in leisure activities. However, recent studies demonstrated the importance to investigate not only ＂motivations＂ but also ＂constraints＂ when we consider participations in any leisure activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the theoretical construct of structural constraints that runners face to participate in a city marathon and verify a number of hypotheses. Data was collected by an internet survey conducted for runners participated in a city marathon, and total of 1124 completed samples were used for analysis in this study. As a result of the internet research, it was confirmed that there exist several structural constraints, cost, schedule, location and event contents as runners consider participation in a city marathon, and resulted in different perceptions of the structural constraints among personal attributions. For example, participants who might be highly motivated think event contents more important than cost when they consider participating in a sports activity as leisure activities. The results of this study contain several managing implications which contribute to improve leisure event evaluations.

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This study examined hypothesized predictors of exercise and sport behavior for both men and women over a 2-year and 6-year timespan. In 2002, in K city of H prefecture, 7,473 men and women aged 20 years or older were randomly selected through gender-stratified sampling to receive mailed questionnaires. A total of 1,239 men and women agreed to participate in the longitudinal study and respond to a follow-up survey either two or six years after the mailing of the original questionnaire. Excluding non-responses, data from 415 participants (responding to the 2004 follow-up survey) and 240 participants (responding to the 2008 follow-up survey) were used for analysis. Predictive variables (data gathered in the 2002 questionnaire) were measurements of intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding exercise and sport, all selected based on concepts from the theory of planned behavior. Dependent variables were chosen to be frequency of exercise and sport behavior, measured in the 2004 and 2008 follow-up surveys. Data were separated by gender and analyzed using covariance structure analysis. Results of the study suggested that the ability of such factors as intention and perceived behavioral control regarding exercise and sport to predict the frequency of exercise and sport activity after intervals of two and six years differed depending on both the interval length and gender.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physical fitness and the cessation of work among members of the Silver Human Resources Center. Methods: The participants included 737 elderly individuals (male, n=458; female, n=279). The components of physical fitness (muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, coordination ability, and flexibility) were measured using self-reported methods. In the present study, the cessation of work was defined as having no work for the past year due to concerns about one＇s own physical fitness. A logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the components of physical fitness and the cessation of work. Results: Forty-seven participants had ceased work according to the abovementioned definition. In a model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and medication use, two of the components of physical fitness (muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness) were significantly associated with the cessation of work. In a model that was additionally adjusted for other components of physical fitness, there were no significant linear relationships between any of the components of physical fitness and the cessation of work (p for trend ＞ 0.05); however, the participants with mid-level muscle strength had a significantly lower odds ratio for the cessation of work (0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.14 - 0.85) in comparison to those with low-level muscle strength (reference). Conclusion: The present study showed that physical fitness, especially muscle strength, was significantly associated with the cessation of work among members of the Silver Human Resources Center.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the domains of physical activity (work, travel, and recreation) and depression among Japanese adults. Data from 1,431 men and 1,476 women (age: 30–59 years) who responded to an internet-based, cross-sectional survey were analyzed. The survey included 1) depression measured by the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D), 2) physical activity measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire version 2 (GPAQ v2), and 3) covariates (gender, age, household income, educational level, employment status, body mass index, smoking, drinking alcohol, and chronic disease). To examine associations between depression and physical activity, logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for depression. Among men, depression was significantly associated with the total (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.57–0.88), travelrelated (0.75; 0.61–0.94), and recreational (0.69; 0.54-0.87) physical activities. However, depression was not significantly associated with work-related physical activity (1.00; 0.76–1.32) adjusted by covariates. Among women, depression was significantly related to travel-related (0.69; 0.56–0.86) and recreational (0.61; 0.48–0.79) physical activities. However, depression was not significantly associated with total (0.81; 0.65–1.00) and work-related (0.89; 0.66–1.21) physical activities adjusted by covariates. Therefore, these results showed that travel-related and recreational physical activity was significantly associated with less depression among men and women.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the status of past experience of playing the same sport played by team ball game players through the secondary analysis of data from the 2012 SSF National Sports-life Survey. The subjects of the analysis comprise 335 individuals who have played soccer, futsal, basketball, volleyball, soft volleyball, softball, or baseball at least once over the past year. They are divided into two groups: one consisting of those who have the experience of playing the same team ball sport they play now; and the other composed of those without the experience of playing the same sport. The characteristics of the groups are then identified. The result of the analysis indicated that the percentages of players with experience and those without experience varied depending on the sport and that such percentages also varied between men and women. Sports often played by players with experience included, among the men, baseball and soccer, and among the women, basketball. All of the women playing soccer had no prior experience, which supported the results of preceding studies and suggested the presence of an environment for women without the experience of playing soccer to play the sport. It is likely that the findings provide knowledge useful for developing a future society that allows the selection of various lifelong sports.

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In Hokkaido have been carried out sports training camp of about 2,000 every year, also visited many top sports teams. The purpose of this study was to clarify the selection factors of the top sports teams that have done a sports training camp in Hokkaido. In this study, interviews were carried out two women＇s basketball teams and a women＇s softball team, a men＇s rugby team coaches and the managers to subject. Data obtained by interview, the visualization was conducted by Fish Bone Diagram which was devised by Ishikawa(1956).As a result, facility, support, meal, climate, and name recognition, were five factors of the extraction, the factors for being selected as sports training camp has been shown.

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Since Tokyo has been chosen to host the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, sport policy in Japan has changed drastically. Although the budget for elite sports has increased year by year, little attention has been given to develop a sport environment for children and utilize sports to benefit society as a whole. This study explores the Netherlands＇ sport policy, considering its historical and political dimensions, particularly with regard to sport promotion for children in Amsterdam. A content analysis of articles, books, websites, and other Dutch sources found that the Netherlands follows a two sport for all plan. In addition, the Netherlands Olympic Committee and Netherlands Sport Federation (NOC*NSF) has formulated a ＂Sport Agenda 2016＂ to support children, older persons, people with disabilities, chronic pain patients, as well as top athletes. Furthermore, the city of Amsterdam has been conducted a sport promotion program called ＂JUMP-in＂ to promote physical activity for children. This program has included intervention research aimed at solving problems related to obesity and inactivity among children aged 4–12. These findings suggest that sport policy in Japan should adapt strategies of sport policy and children＇s sport promotion program in the Netherlands, considering the cultural and social backgrounds of Japan.

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Objectives: In this study, we used a geographic information system (GIS) to create a map that showed the neighborhood environment. We then performed an interventional study to assess the ability of the program to increase physical activity. Methods: Participants included 51 residents of Hadano city in Kanagawa prefecture (Age: 64.8∓9.5 years). The intervention period was 2 months. We created walking maps of two types (10 minutes course and burn off 100kcal course) to promote familiarity with the neighborhood environment and to increase physical activity. We distributed this map in an exercise class. The primary outcome was increased walking for physical activity, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Version (IPAQ-SV). Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed rank test compared walking activity before and after the intervention. Results: Five participants began to exercise during the intervention period. The mean level of the physical activity of walking before the intervention was 343∓313 min/week, and the level after intervention was 454∓372 min/week(p=0.009). This was equal to an increase in stepping time of 16 minutes. Conclusion: The program developed for this study increased the physical activity of walking among the participants, and may be effective as a tool to increase overall physical activity.

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