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Volume 68, Issue 1
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Rika Mizuno1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper aims to examine a hypothesis that phonological processing should occur in Japanese Kanji words as well as in Kana words, but automatic in Kanji words. In Experiment 1, subjects performed concurrent articulation or finger tapping during a semantic processing task of Kana words with 2 to 4 phonemes, for which phonological processing should be indispensable. Concurrent articulation was found to eliminate the phoneme number effect found in the control condition, but finger tapping was not. This result indicates the effectiveness of concurrent articulation in articulatory suppression. In Experiment 2, the materials were changed to Kanji words, for which phonological processing had been supposed to be dispensable, and subjects performed the same task. The results showed no phoneme number effect even in the control condition, and the reaction time in the concurrent articulation condition was delayed significantly. These results suggest the existence of automatic phonological processing of Kanji words. Finally, the pertinence of this hypothesis was confirmed by applying it to the explanations of 3 kinds of Japanese dyslexia.View full abstractDownload PDF (1434K) -
Toshiaki Kakii1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 9-16
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate communication characteristics of multimedia counseling. Eye-contact through an interactive TV system was made possible, within three degrees of angle, with a camera attached on the TV screens. Counseling sessions with 18 clients were conducted to study differences among three conditions: audio only, interactive TV, and conventional face-to-face. The variables examined were information transmission, feeling communication, rapport building, overall evaluation, etc. Eighty-three per cent of the clients positively evaluated the interactive TV system, with all of its indices significantly higher than the audio only condition. However, rapport building with the system was significantly lower than the face-to-face condition. Two common factors found for the conditions were defenseless communication and counselor warmth. A larger TV screen might facilitate rapport building. More work is needed to study applicability of multimedia counseling, as well as to develop new effective counselor styles for the kind of counseling.View full abstractDownload PDF (2116K) -
A comparison between an aphasiac and normal subjectsAki Tanigami, Jun-ichi Abe1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 17-24
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigated the accuracy of an aphasiac's self-evaluation on his ability to retrieve words. The aphasiac and six normal subjects were shown a list of words and that of drawings. The words were written in Kanji and the drawings could be translated into the Kanji words. For each word, the subjects rated the likelihood that they could write it, and for each drawing, they rated the likelihood that they could translate it into the Kanji word. A week later, they were asked to translate drawings into Kanji words, and the performance and self ratings were compared. Although the aphasiac could write far less Kanji words than the normals, his self rating was as high as the normals'. It was suggested that metamnemonic judgments are based on the indirect inferential processes, not on the direct access to the memory-traces. In other words, the aphasiac might raise his rating scores when Kanji words or drawings seemed easy to understand.View full abstractDownload PDF (1531K) -
Mika Tsutsui1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 25-32
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this experiment, one of three moods: positive, negative, neutral, was induced with Velten technique and music. Subjects were then presented with a word at a time from a list of trait words, which were pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral. They were to decide whether the word described their self, and respond with ‘yes’ (relevant) or ‘no’ (irrelevant) buttons. After the task, they were given five minutes for an incidental free recall test. Results indicated that induced mood affected memory, but not judgements of self-relevance. Mood congruent recall effects were found only for self relevant words, and more self-relevant than irrelevant words were recalled if they were mood congruent. It was concluded that mood effects were different depending on whether the information was self-relevant, and that mood-congruency effects were found only for self-relevant information.View full abstractDownload PDF (2148K) -
Hiroshi Morisaki1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 33-37
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of image instructions on subjects able to use imagery spontaneously and those unable to use them spontaneously, on the self-control of skin temperature. The subjects were 20 undergraduate students. All subjects were instructed to raise their skin temperatures through four sessions. After the first session, subjects were assigned to one of the following three groups: the spontaneous image group (SI), instructed image group (II), and control group (C). The SI group comprised only of those subjects who used imagery spontaneously in the first session. Before the second session, the subjects in the SI and II groups were instructed to use imagery in the following sessions. The results showed that SI group subjects could raise their skin temperatures to higher levels than those in the other groups. These results suggest that subjects who use imagery spontaneously have a greater ability to control their skin temperatures, than other subjects who cannot raise their skin temperatures well, even if instructed in the use of imagery.View full abstractDownload PDF (882K) -
Toshiro Sakamoto, Hiroshige Okaichi1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 38-42
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to study the role of hippocampus in spatial learning, fimbria-fornix (FF) lesioned and control rats, eignt each, were trained for a distance discrimination task in a rectangular test box (120×60×35cm). A rat was placed in a start box at one of the corners of the test box, and then released to choose the bottle that contained food reward. Two bottles, at the distance of 50cm, were placed along the walls, one short and the other long, on either side of the start box, and to find the reward the rat had to discriminate the distance, i.e., short vs. long wall of the test box. Results showed that control rats were able to make the discrimination, while FF rats were not. The finding suggests that hippocampus plays an important role in processing distance information in general, and distance discrimination in particular.View full abstractDownload PDF (938K) -
Chika Sumiyoshi1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 43-50
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper examined whether 3-5 year old children can answer correctly to universal quantifier expressions which refer to elements in front of them. In Experiment 1, likely and unlikely situations, manipulated by entity color relation (e. g., likely: red flower, unlikely: black moon), were presented. The result showed that a large number of 4-5 year old children could not affirm the true but unlikely situations. In Experiment 2, the elements which did not have any typical color were used in the likely situations. Children made incorrect judgment equally to both likely and unlikely situations. However, in Experiment 3, those children were able to affirm or negate situations in front of them correctly, if the elements were novel to them. These results indicate that in true-false judgment for universal quantifier expressions, 4-5 year old children tend to base their judgment on their knowledge rather than situations just in front of them. This phenomenon is discussed from the point of view of intellectual realism.View full abstractDownload PDF (1359K) -
Masuo Koyasu, Takashi Kinoshita1997 Volume 68 Issue 1 Pages 51-67
Published: April 28, 1997
Released on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe concept “theory of mind”, first proposed by Premack and Woodruff (1978), has drastically changed our view of the mind. In the first half of this paper, the concept's history and recent developments were reviewed. Included were studies of non-human primates, normal children, and autistic children, in addition to some philosophical discussions. The “false belief” paradigm has been successful in understanding children older than 4 years and in characterizing children with high-functioning autism. But with the paradigm alone, it is difficult to explain the “mind” of most non-human primates, younger children, and a large part of autistic children. In the second half, a theoretical discussion was made to understand early developments of mind. The theory theory and competing theories of modularity, simulation, and intersubjectivity were compared concerning the observability of mind (of self and others), the basic mechanism for understanding the mind, the indispensability of theorizing the mind, and the need for metarepresentation in pretend plays.View full abstractDownload PDF (3169K)
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