Problem: A survey of the literature about the warning-up effect shows that most of the experinlenters have used as their experimental materials some form of work such as tapring, multiplication, additon, memorizing etc, but we can find few results in the work of muscular strength. It is the warming-up effect in Such Woirk, therefore, that we will discuss first in this paper.
The literature also shows that, all investigators have not agreed in the problem of the relationship between the warming-up effect and the effect of practice. In this point we find the second problem, that will be treated here.
Proceaure and Result: For the first problem we measured the strength of grip of the right hand with the hand dynamometer after Smedley. There were four conditions in this experiment as follows;_??_
The warming-up effect was clearly demonstrated in every condition of our experiment, and it was noted at once that the shorter the rest period was, the later the effect in question appeared.
The warming-up effect was greatest in condtition IV, and in this case the subjects introspected some “feeling of expansion” in their arms. And there were individual differences at the time when the warming-up effect appeared.
We experimeted also with tapping under the same conditions, and found the same results mentioned above.
For the second problem we tried practice experiments with Kraepelin's addition, standing broad jump, grip and tap. The addition was practiced by four subjects about seventy days in the condition of 5' work, 5' rest, 5' work.
At the earlier period of practice the second 5' work was always better than the first 5' work, but at the later they became reverse, that is the first 5' work gives no positive effect to the second 5' work. The positive effect of the earlier period, therefore, may be considered not to be the warmingup effect, brit the effect of practice.
In other tests the positive effects of the works before the rest periods, upon the works after the rests were always found, and the greatest warmingup effect grew to appear earlier with practice.
Oehm and Heron using nonsense syllables, found the warming-up effect to be present. Thorndike, however says of the former's work, that there was little or no direct evidence of warming -up in his records, and Mitchell indicated that the alleged warming-up effect in the later work must be regarded as the effect of practice. Present writers found the same thing in adding experiment. Therefore we can conclude that in such more mental form of work, the warming-up effect is not clearly demonstrable, but in more muscular form of work such as tapping, strength of grip, standing broad jump etc, we can see the effect clearly.

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This study was planned with both practical and theoretical interest. From the practical point of view, I wanted to determine the nature of Zimmermann's colour paper, which is usually used for ordinary psychological experiments. When we use them we ought to know the nature of each colour. One way of doing this, is in terms of physical attributes. The other is psychological, that is to know what relations there exist between the sensations aroused by those colours. From the theoretical point of view the question of complementarity of colours and the nature of after-image is of interest.
On the one hand, it is defined that the two colours which becomes colourless when mixed are complementary to each other. On the other hand, it is known that the hue of an after-image of a certain colour is complementary to the original stimulus. I tried to combine these two propositions in this experiment. The usual method of determining complementary colour is by colour-mixing, so this may be said a new approach to this question.
The observer is asked to look at a small colour square (one square centimeter) cut of the Zimmermann set on medium gray back-ground for 20 seconds. The experimenter takes away the colour, and the observer gazes the same spot and carefully notes the hue of the after-image. In front of the observer the whole series of 15 colours are arranged according to the hue and each colour is numbered 1-15 starting with red. At a most suitable time the observer tries to locate the hue of the after-image in the series of sample colours. This was done without difficulty.
The experiment was conducted in a well lighted room on the north side in a diffuse day-light. The observers included in this report are 5 university students.
For the results the reader is advised to see the Tables 1 and 2 in the original Japanese article in this Journal.
After image_??_
Figure 2 in the Japanese section will show diagramatically the complementary relations of the 15 colours used in this experiment.
Some of the other points of interest are as follows;
Occurrence of green, greenish-blue, blue and violet after-images are most frequent, and reds and yellows are very rare.
About the reciprocality of complementary colours of these 15 colours, No. 1(Red) and No.10 (Greenish-Blue), No.5 (Ultramarine Blue) and No.12 (Greenish-Blue), and No.8 (Green) and No.13 (Violet) are most perfect.

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Problem: A great deal of work has been done upon the Muller-Lyer illusion, but unfortunately, no satisfactory explanation has as yet been offered. In the present article the writer has sought to throw light on the study of this illusion by bringing it into relation with the law of psycho-physical induction (the contrast-assimilation illusion.
Methods and Results: Two methods of attacking this problem were. used. The first was based purely upon qualitative data and consists in trying to connect both the illusions on the basis of their geometrical identity. Let us first consider this geometrical demonstration. In Fig. 1. we have several modified diagrams of the Muller-Lyer illusion. Still another modification may he obtained by lengthening the projecting lines of these diagrams. In this case, it should be recalled that the length of the projecting lines has an important influence on the amount of illusion. The increase in illusion is almost proportional to the size of the arms; let us, however, put this aside for a while to take account of a gradual decrease of the illusion upon lengthening these arms further. It must, aiccordingly, follow that diagram A in Fig. 2 appears broader than diagram B. This is what we call the contrast illusion. We may, therefore, be justified in concluding that geometrically speaking there is no) reason to distinguish the Muller-Lyer illusion from the con-trast illusion.
The second method of attack is quantitative, resting upon a demonstration that there is a common law underlying both illusions. In all probability, it is only by the use of this method that we are abte to connect vnrions illusions of quite different forms. For this purpose, the writer has sought to find a relationship between the size of the illusion diagram and the amount of illusion. Let us first report the experimental results obtained with the filled-unfilled space illusion (Fig. 3); as this illusion proved itself to be the same sort of illusion as the contrast-assimilation illusion, experimental results with this illusion apply equally well to the latter. A set of three such diagrams of different sizes was used in the present work. The diagram was observed at a distance of 5 meters. The results obtained with diagram A are represented in Fig. 4. The ordi nate indicates the relative amount of illusion, the abscsisa the size of the diagram in visual angle. The relative amount of illusion is expressed in terms of the ratio 1/N, where N denotes the size of the diagram and I the absolute amount of illusion. The curve shows that, as the size of the diagram increases, the relative amount of i usion decreases rapidly at first, then slowly, and finally it reaches a constant value.
The results of experiments similar to those just stated, but with various systems of lines, are represented in Fig. 5.
Following this, the writer repeated the same experiment with the Muller-Lyer illusion. The data of his experiment and also those of other investigators are plotted in Fig. 6. By comparing these curyes, Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fi g. 5. we see that it is quite probable for both the Muller-Lyer illusion and the filled-unfilled space illusion (the contrast-assimilation illusion) to be two [manifestations of the same underlying mechanism. If this conclusion be correct, then, we may be right in considering the Muller-Lyer Fig. 6. illusion to be a specia] case of the writer's“law of psycho-physical induction.”This law says that in an area closely adjacent to a stimulated point, a contrast effect (underestimation) predominates, and with an increase of the space interval a phase of assimilation (overestimation) sets in. Such a theory would obviously lead to an explanation according to which the underestimation of the inward-turned diagram of the Muiller-Lyer illusion is due to the contract effest, while the overestimation of the outward-turned diagram is due to the assimilation effect.

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While there are many investigations concerning the inheritance of intelligence, we have only a few studies on the heredity of character. Because at first there was no objective method of investigating, and measuring character traits, the correlation method could not be applied to them, but now the development of chararcter study has opened the way to study character quantitatively, and also to use the correlation method.
Awaji and Okabe's extraversion-introversion test was assigned to seventythree students of awomen's college, who introspected themselves and also observed the character of their parents and brothers and sisters (older than ten years of age).
The correlation of the version quotient between a father and his daughter (the observer)is .207 and the correlation between a mother and her daughter is. 304 These values are very low, compared to those of the inheritance of intelligence.
While some parents resemble each other, other parents have different characters, therefore we calculated the correlation coefficient separately for each of those two groups. But the difference between the correlations in the two groups is not so large as we expected. And further correlations between parents and their children (non-observers), who were observed by the same other-observation method, are also very low.
Parents resenlbling Unlike _??_
Besides this correlation method, we tried other methods of checking these negative results, but the result was the same.
These results make it necessary to modify the common sense view that children take after their parents in their character.

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