This paper employs Input-Output (IO) analysis framework to quantify not only sources but also causes of water pollution from Vietnamese economic activities. The study finds that in the year 2000, total TSS (Total Suspended Solids) and BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) emissions from the economy are 356,419,325 kg and 43,756,010 kg, respectively. For TSS, the major emitter is "Basic Metal Industry" and the major inducers are "Construction" and "Basic Metal Industry". For BOD, the main dischargers are "Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry" and "Food, Beverage and Tobacco"; the major inducers are "Household" and "Export". The emission flows of each sector is further explored to draw an emission chain and to identify the key sectors of emissions. Depending on the analysis, a priority for emission reduction is suggested.

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This article was retracted.

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 This paper presents analysis and evaluation of effects and problems related to nitrate and nitrite water pollution control measures, along with clarification of necessary future measures. To control water nitrate and nitrite pollution from various sources, comprehensive water pollution control measures including wastewater effluent and other relevant regulations were introduced in 2001. During the decade since their introduction, various investigations and studies have been conducted nationwide, such as wastewater effluent surveys and water quality monitoring. Based on those data, necessary future measures are revealed by analyzing and evaluating the effects of those measures and their related problems.

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