JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES
Online ISSN : 1349-2853
Print ISSN : 0915-1389
ISSN-L : 0915-1389
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Volume 7, Issue 2
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 81-82
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_81
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Long Lead Time Forecast of Runoff Using Fuzzy Reasoning Method
    Mu-Lan ZHU, Mutsuhiro FUJITA, Norihide HASHIMOTO, Mutsunobu KUDO
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 83-89
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_83
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    A new method to predict runoff for long lead time based on fuzzy theory by utilizing the qualitative prediction information of future rainfall is developed in this paper. The method consists of two main calculations which are: (1) establishing the fuzzy relation between rainfall and runoff according to the past flood data; (2) inferring the future runoff based on the above fuzzy relation by inputting the rainfall data. The prediction information about future rainfall is supposed to be presented in such several ranks as: weak, medium, strong and very strong, etc. The paper handles this kind of qualitative rainfall ranks by introducing their membership functions which are defined subjectively and reasonably. The method is applied to Butternut Creek, NY. in the USA. to make 1hr∼6hr lead time forecasts of runoff. The good results indicates that the proposed method is successful for runoff prediction.
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  • The Development of a Forecasting System of The Water Levels of Rivers by Neural Networks
    Isamu ISOBE, Teruo OHKOHDO, Hidehiko HANYUDA, Seiichi ODA, Yuusuke GOT ...
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 90-97
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_90
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    Automatic observation facilities for supporting flood control activities, called the SAMTES, are located at about 100 observation sites to monitor water levels in Saitama prefecture. We developed a forecasting system of the next 3 hour-range water levels of rivers at the above sites by Neural Networks for the SAMTES. Input data for this system are observed water levels of rivers, tide levels, observed precipitations and 'Very Short-range Forcasting Precipitation' predicted by Japan Meteorological Agency. In this paper, we showed an outline of the forecasting system and the result of verification of forecasting models. Predicted values of 1-hour forecast were highly precise at most sites. The correlation coeficients of observed and predicted values were from 0.95 to 0.99. In case of 2, 3-hour forecast, the errors of predicted water levels tended to be accumulated by errors included in values of forecasting precipitation, but changing patterns of water levels of rivers were well simulated by the models.
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  • The Investigation of Zelkova Treering Width in Ninohe
    Fukabori Kyoko, Junsei Kondo
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 98-105
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_98
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    According to scaling of the annual rings' widths of an over-300-year-old zelkova, the correlations between the treering width and meteorological data were estimated. Upon investigation, the treering width proved little relation to meteorologi-cal data but some to precipitation and sunshine duration in summer.
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  • Recent Changes in Trends of Humidity of Japanese Cities
    Yukio OMOTO, Ken HAMOTANI, Hyang Hee UM
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 106-113
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_106
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    Rapid decrease in relative humidity at urban climatological stations in Japan during 1950's and 1960's abruptly ended around 1970. Since then the annual mean of relative humidity has remained at almost the same level excepting interannual variation. The recent trends are even suggestive of its increase for data at stations in big cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. It is important to note that apparent decreasing trends prevail recent years at stations in rural areas instead. The differences between urban climatological stations with near-by rural stations in both relative humidity and vapor pressure are decreasing recent 10∼20 years. It is shown that during the rapid drying period both the effects of water vapor pressure decrease and temperature rise worked effectively. The recent decrease in urban-rural difference due not only to drying of rural areas noted above but also to increase in the water vapour contents in the urban atmosphere, latter by human activities. At the present urban-rural difference in relative humidity at Tokyo and Osaka are largely attributable to urban warming. It is also demonstrated that urban drying reduces discomfort from hot and humid climate in summer at large cities west of Tokyo.
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  • Estimation of Evapotranspiration Using NDVI in a Decidous Trees Area
    Tsuyoshi TADA, So KAZAMA, Masaki SAWAMOTO
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 114-119
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_114
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    The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for estimating evapo-transpiration over a wide area covered by forest using vegetation index which closely relates to evapotranspiration. The distribution of NDVI (Normalized Differences Vegetation Index) calculated from NOAA-AVHRR data is compared with the total evapotranspiration evaluated by the conventional method (Thornthwaite method). Using one year data set in the Okutadami basin mainly covered with deciduous trees, correlation between evapotranspiration and NDVI is derived with muliple regression analysis. It is concluded that evapotranspiration in a decidous forest is propotional to NDVI. The distribution of evapotranspiration in the basin can be estimated from the correlation.
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  • Estimations of Storage Faculty in Hillside
    Takaaki MISHIMA, Yoshiaki TSUNEMATSU, Akiharu KANAMARU, Shahane De COS ...
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 120-129
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_120
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    Here the estimation methods of storage faculty of small mountaneous catchments mainly hill sides have been investigated. In this research a 3 step tank model, which incorporated rainfall interception and evapotranspiration, has been used for flood runoff analysis. First for a typical short term and medium term runoff the model paramerters are identified. Next using this model the runoff is calculated for a typical basic rainfall condition. Now obtaining the estimation index which the consistes of the moment, which is discharge multiplied by runoff time, the storage faculty of three catchments which are small mountaneous catchment situated in Etajima town, in the Hiroshima prefecture, are compared. As a result, it was made clear by comparison of storage faculty of each catchment that it is possible to obtain a satisfiable degree of accuracy using the present method. It is also found that the catchments where forest fire occurred are gradually recovering its storage faculty.
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  • Two dimensional profiles of air temperature and the characteristics of heat balance in the agricultural lands in the area of confused land use
    Hiroki OUE, Tadao FUKUSHIMA, Toshisuke MARUYAMA
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 130-136
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_130
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    An experimental study of the microclimatic role of agricultural land use in the area of confused land use is presented. The observed results are as fallows: (1) Air temperature was lowest at the top of the densely vegetated rice canopy and the profile was reversed above the paddy in the afternoon on clear and relatively hot day. It was verified experimentally that the rice canopy acted as a sink of heat, which was effective about 140 cm above the canopy surface and more than 40 m downwind. (2) In the daytime on another clear day, the rice canopy acted not as a sink of heat but as a source of cool, affecting about 140 cm above the canopy surface and 10∼20 m downwind. (3) Advection effect was observed in the small agricultural lands.
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  • A Method of mapping of Evapotranspiration at Forest Areas by Surface Temperature and Energy Balance Data
    Nobuhiro EBISU, Shigemi YOKOTA, Shigeru OGAWA
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 137-142
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_137
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    Mapping of evapotranspiration at forested areas was estimated using the image data of surface temperature by an infrared radiation thermometer and energy balance data (Surface Temperature method). Evapotranspiration from 9:00 to 15:00 estimated by the ST method was larger than that by energy balance Bowen ratio method. It was caused by surface temperature which was measured every ten minutes. Since surface temperature is sensitively influenced by solar radiation, it is considered that the measurements should be made at shorter intervals. Images of estimated evapotranspiration at the forest varied with the place because difference between air temperature and surface temperature varied. The result indicates that considering mapping of air temperature could improve mapping of evapotranspiration estimated by the ST method.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 143-147
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_143
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 148-159
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_148
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    In early September 1992, Pakistan was hit by heavy rains caused by a cyclone of summer monsoon, followed by the unprecedented flooding throughout the country which lasted more than 3 weeks. The casualities included more than 1000 dead and more than 3 million homeless, and total economic damage was estimated as more than 2 billion US dollars. September flood was characterized by 1) a wide area of raining including Karakoram range which is usually unaffected by monsoon, 2) major damage along the rivers Jhelum and Chenab, and 3) mixed disasters of natural and artificial natures, such as relief cuts of bunds to protect headworks and big cities or sudden and untimely discharge of water stored in dams. Water resources in Pakistan was summarized separately.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 160-165
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_160
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 167
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_167
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1994 Volume 7 Issue 2 Pages 168
    Published: March 05, 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.7.2_168
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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