We investigated determinants of litter movement on the forest floor where the understory had declined because of deer grazing pressure and where the understory had recovered because of deer-proof fencing. Three test plots (2 m × 5 m) with different understory cover percentages were set on the beech forest slope. Litter movement was monitored. Therefore, in spring, in summer, and in autumn separately, multiple regression analysis was conducted on each test plot to assess environmental factors affecting litter movement. Major factors found for the test plot with the most forest floor vegetation, where forest floor vegetation had recovered in deer-proof fences, were rainfall in spring, maximum instant forest wind speed in summer, and maximum of 30-min rainfall in autumn. Major factors that were found in the test plot with the second largest forest floor vegetation in deer-proof fences were maximum instant forest wind speed during spring-summer, and average wind speed in autumn. Factors found for the test plot outside deer-proof fences were the average wind speed in spring, maximum instant forest wind speed in summer, and the understory cover percentage in autumn. Litter movement mechanisms vary depending on the state of coverage of the ground surface in the broad-leaved tree forest where the understory has declined because of deer grazing pressure.

　Temperature rise associated with climate change has been reported, however how have the seasons changed associated with the change? This report presents classification and long-term trends of seasons determined by temperature in Tokyo by a new method which does not depend on the absolute value of temperature. “Seasons determined by temperature” have six seasons and set step-wise changes in temperature as seasonal dates, therefore the seasons reflect only temperature aspects of climatological seasons. Seasonal dates determined by temperature are combination of dates which minimize the square errors of fitting to a transition of temperature statistical model that temperature is constant in each season. Comparison reveals that there is a clear deference between seasons determined by temperature and conventional seasons based on a condition of whether patterns all over Japan. The annual seasons determined by temperature from 1964 to 2013 reveals that the starting date of late summer moves back and that the length of summer is prolonged in Tokyo. The trend of seasons determined by temperature shows changes in annual transition of temperature independent from the temperature rise.

　The Indonesian “maritime continent” has coastlines far longer than real continents, along which the diurnal-cycle sea-land breeze circulations generate the world’s most active precipitating clouds and their releasing latent heat compensates the insolation (minus parasol effect) – infrared radiation (minus greenhouse effect) balance. It is this mechanism keeping both Earth’s climate and water on Earth that maintains the biosphere relaxing the triple discontinuity among land, ocean and atmosphere inside which the anthroposphere has been growing up. For example, the swampy forests over peatland areas in Sumatera and Kalimantan preserve massive carbon, and their conversion to arid plantations for exporting products makes serious fires in particular during El Niño and/or Indian-Ocean dipole mode events and accelerates the global warming. The sustainability of such coexistence between climate and the bio-anthroposphere must be studied internationally and interdisciplinarily.

　About millions of people in the endorheic basins of central Asia region rely on meltwater from glaciers for irrigation, hydropower as well as public water supply. Water stress is likely to peak in the relatively dry summers. Moreover, within these basins, different countries that compete with each other for water resources are particularly at risk of instability and conflict arising as a result of drought. Glacial ice is shrinking and also glacier losses are projected to continue region-wide. This shrinking store of ice will lead initially to increased glacier runoff at the beginning, however, shrinking glacier areas will lead to runoff reductions later. Therefore, for scientifical management and assessment of mitigation of change in the water used and stored, research idea - improving understating of present glacier runoff and future water availability in endorheic basins is shared here.