The purpose of this study was to develop the instrument to assess the school-age children's sense of mastery related to having injection and venipuncture. An 11-item self-report instrument of "School-age Children's Sense of Mastery" was developed to measure children's perception of mastery experience of how much they dealt with the episode of having painful medical procedures. Items were generated based on the result of a fieldwork and two other research works on school-age children's mastery experience. Through content analysis, items were supported as relevant to the concept definition. Conceptual correlations between "School-age Children's Sense of Mastery" with "Stress Coping Scale for Children" L = .31, p < .01) and "Self-esteem Scale" (L- = .45, p < .001) supported it's conceptual validity. Cronbach's a for the entire instrument was .86, and the result of test-retest (r = .78, p < .001) supported it's reliability.

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear dynamic process of changing mothers' roles and their family situations at the stable stage of hospitalization of the cancer children as it is at this stage that becoming able to make predictions and planning, the mothers manage their roles with the children and in their family situation. The data was obtained from interviewing 12 mothers who were attending the hospitalized children. The data was qualitatively analyzed in the modified grounded theory approach. The previous paper was that changes of mothers' roles at the initial stage of hospitalization of the cancer children and the salvaging of family ties for a period of struggle against a disease. This paper focused on a maintaining process of family ties for the period. Two categories were analytically generated. One is mothers' roles with regard to attending the cancer children, which is more flexible than the initial stage. The other is mothers' role that are as same as daily life before hospitalization, which they can manage their actions at home and hospital. It is the feature at the stable stage that mother manage both roles.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the perceptions and factors influencing of its held by medical professionals of the care required when collecting blood from preschool children. A questionnaire was given to 171 nurses working in a hospital's pediatric ward. A total of 133 nurses, or 80% of those asked, responded. Factor analysis was used to classify the types of care. As a result, five types of care were identified: encouraging active participation, judging the situation, handling the collecting blood, providing necessary information, and giving a sense of security. The responses on types of care were influenced by the nurses'/pediatric nurses' lengths of service, type of restraint used, and whether to the collecting blood by doctor/nurse to be delivered.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify fathers' feelings regarding hospitalization of children with chronic illness. Fourteen fathers of children hospitalized due to chronic illness were studied, to clarify the characteristics of fathers' feelings, using both a qualitative study method, utilizing a semi- structured interview, and a quantitative study method, using the Japanese-edition Profile of Mood States (hereinafter referred to as Japanese-edition POMS) for fathers and mothers. The results of analysis of the semi-structured interview clarified the structure of a major category: "Shaanai (It is inevitable) ." Also, as a result of the Japanese-edition POMS research for fathers, a significant difference was confirmed (p<0.05) between during and after hospitalization of children regarding the standardized points (hereinafter referred to as T points), as to each of T-A (Tension-Anxiety) scale, which indicates tension and anxiety; D (Dejection) scale, which indicates a negative mood and depression; A-H (Anger-Hostility) scale, which indicates anger and hostility, and V (Vigor) scale, which indicates vigor. In the POMS values, a state of negative emotion was indicated (p<0.05). Based on the results, it was suspected that fathers deal with changes accompanying hospitalization of children with an attitude expressed as "Shaanai (It is inevitable)."

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Objectives: To elucidate the content of the explanations to the siblings by the parents when their mothers were rooming-in with child suffering from cancer,we interviewed 18 mothers using semi-structured method . All of them passed 2 years or less after the discharge from K. University hospital. The data analyzed revealed : (1) the parents explained in 18 of 18 families (100 %); (2)the attitudes of the parents were divided in 2, child centered and parent centered . The latter group included the parent's attitudes which lost the emotional control.

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The present study sought to clarify how children with chronic diseases are disciplined at home, using semi-structured interview of 11 mothers of children with chronic diseases. Children ranged in age from 1-to 6-years-old, the time during which basic daily living habits are acquired. Results revealed that: mothers intentionally start to permits their children with the onset of chronic disease; perceptions of "intentional permission" comprised four categories; practices of "intentional permission" comprised two categories; and mothers sensed the needs of their children, and intentional permission was performed according to the criteria and circumstances of each mother, but differed from overprotection or excessive interference attributable to anxiety or guilt. Although spoiling by parents of children with chronic diseases has been viewed negatively in medicine, these findings suggest that a reevaluation of this perception is necessary.

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