The purpose of the study was to clarify the thought of mothers about the independence support of junior and senior high school students of pediatric chronic disease. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 mothers of junior and senior high school students of pediatric chronic disease. Data obtained from the interview were analyzed using modified grounded theory approach. Analysis yielded 28 concepts and 12 sub-categories and 4 categories. The mother had a basic wish for the future of children. It was “Their child found the self through experience in relationships with people and wish live own life”. And the mother was wish and support for “Their child is going to accept their disease and continue to autonomous”. The mother hold wavering of feelings such as “Accept the illness and wish to have positively”. and “Feel a sense of insecurity to uncertainty of children and the illness”.

 The results suggested that nurses need to encourage the mother to understanding their children disease and affirm their children.

 The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of parents being with their infants who require long-term hospitalization. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 parents. A qualitative-inductive method was used to analyze the interview data. Twelve categories, such as the following, emerged from the analysis: “feeling down and hard because of a shocking fact”, “feeling wistful and lonely in being involved with the people around me”, “what I want to do for my child as a parent but can’t do well in the limited situation”, “I can’t help doing my best as a parent”, “my only hope is to be with my child”, “when my child is in pain, it causes distress, and when my child is comfortable, it makes me happy”, “growing up with my child, little by little, through interaction with him/her”, and “with a warm heart and sensitive snuggles, I want you to take good care of my child as a living person”. Parents reported that they experienced difficulties in accomplishing their wishes and desires regarding being with their infants who were under medical care. The results of this study suggested that it is important for parents to treasure their experiences with their infants in various situations and the relationships with the people who were around them during the infant’s medical care.

 Purpose: To clarify what kind of working conferences nurses attend, which they build on to provide better nursing care for infants.

 Methods: Based on the ethnonursing research method by Leininger, participant observation and interviews were carried out at a pediatric ward. The study participants included seven nurses caring for infants and their families (main informants) as well as seven infants and their families, five nurses and two medical doctors (general informants).

 Results: From the study one major theme and four themes were extracted. That nurses: 1. discuss points that they noticed from the appearance of the child, come up with a necessary care approach through discussion and carry it out; 2. watch the child whose conditions have changed, touch and keep observing the child trying to grasp the change; 3. who know how to interact with and care for infants show others how to do so, and other nurses follow the way; and 4. ask the child about any signs that concern them, which they keep in mind when providing care.

 Discussion: Having a discussion at a child’s bedside made the nurses feel they were evaluating their work together and made them realize the value of their nursing care. The occasion also served as creating a foundation for a learning organization.

 To describe what types of understanding were needed by nurses who interact with children and their families as seen by Certified Nurse Specialists in Child Health Nursing(CNSs).

 The research participants were seven CNSs.

 The following four elements were found to be needed in nurses who interact with children and their families.

1. It is important to recognize that while it is okay to wait and observe signs of a condition in adults, the condition in children can worsen rapidly, so children require more attentive assessment.

2. It is important to understand that there is a critical period for children and their families when they need nursing specialty recognizing the parent development and development of parent-child relationship.

3. It is vital that nurses see children and their family as a single unit. It is also important for nurses to take the stance that they are providing care in collaboration with the family.

4. The experiences of infancy have a strong influence on children’s lives when they grow older. For this reason, when providing children with nursing care it is important to accept that a lot of time and effort in providing care and support for children and their families is a prerequisite for maintaining the child’s development.

 The purpose of this study was to examine whether the nursing practices that are applied during short-term hospitalization of children with sudden onset illness are performed accurately during fast changes in the situation.

 We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 nurses and analyzed the transcripts qualitatively. More than half of the children who were admitted in five medical institutions were acute cases, including acute bronchitis, acute pneumonia, infectious gastroenteritis, febrile convulsion, and mild fractures. All the children were admitted for unexpected brief hospital admissions that were shorter than the average hospitalization period of 0-14 year old children in Japan.

 The categories “collection of information immediately after hospital admission,” “alleviation of suffering from symptoms and change of circumstance,” and “involvement in the practice of effective medical treatment” were extracted in the acute period. The categories “collection of information when child’s condition settles down,” “adjustment with hospitalization life when symptoms settle down,” and “involvement in the continuance of recovery process till discharge from the hospital” were extracted in the recovery period.

 As nursing practices for short-term hospitalization of children with sudden onset illness require the same information collection, inspection assistance, and assistance in daily life as normal cases, it is important to accurately assess the condition of the children, and continue to devise new methods if necessary.

 Purpose: To clarify support for student as aimed for in undergraduate pediatric nursing practice as spoken about in interviews with Certified Nurse Specialists in Child Health Nursing(CNSs).

 Methods: Semi-structured group interviews were conducted with seven CNSs. Transcripts were created from the interviews, and the content related to supporting students and the contextual significance were drawn out.

 Results: 1. The instructors explain the meaning of what student saw child’s reaction and behavior and care for children and family by asking and giving the information about peculiarities of children. 2. The instructors give students an opportunity to experience. If students are unable to do, they are made to observe and commit them to memory. 3. The instructors provide feedback on the students’ experiences so that the students may have a whole picture of child. 4. The instructors get the students to share their varied experiences.

 Discussion: Support for student envisioned by the CNSs was basic principles of support for expending student learning. In a short practice period, the CNSs provided support so that the students could experience and commit to memory as much as they could in terms of interacting and using their skills with children and the children’s families—things they could only learn in a pediatric nursing practice.

 The present study aimed to identify the decision-making process and feelings after decisions among children with cancer regarding adjustments to school-life activities and information sharing. We conducted semi-structured interviews on 10 outpatients in 10’s with cancer and analyzed using an inductive qualitative method.

 As a result, when children decided regarding adjustments to school-life activities, they “perceived their physical condition” and “aimed to act the same as everyone,” then “discussed with their parents and teachers”. Next, they attempted to predict “the effects of their physical condition on activity performance and changes to their condition thereafter”. Finally, they decided “whether and how to participate in school-life activities.”

 When deciding on sharing information, children assessed “perceptions of their disease held by students and teachers,” considered their options through “discussions with their parents and teachers.” Then, they decided on with whom information to share and how much information to share about their condition, such as their disease, physical condition, or wig.

 After making decisions regarding activity participation and information sharing, children reported a sense of “satisfaction.”

 These findings suggest that to support children with cancer in school-life adjustment, nurses should consider their mindset and decision-making process, especially since these patients perceive their physical condition, aim to act the same as everyone, and are sensitive to others’ reactions.

 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to clarify nurses’ interactions with children with multiple disabilities and with their families during periodic respite hospitalization to coordinate their homecare.

 Method: This study used Leininger’s Ethnonursing. Participant observation sessions and interviews were conducted at a pediatric ward and the results were analyzed. Seven nurses participated as key informants while seven children with multiple disabilities undergoing respite hospitalization, seven family members, and two doctors were the general informants.

 Results: Five sub-themes which become a basis of one main theme were derived. Main theme: Nurses observed the physical condition of children and the burdens carried by their families during respite hospitalization, they identified the care required for each child at home in the period until the next respite hospitalization. And then, the nurses assisted the families to formulate details of home care to enable the children and their families to continue living together.

 Discussion: Periodic respite hospitalization was found to be an opportunity to explore appropriate care for children and families whose situation keeps changing, and to create a new care method while respecting the families’ own approach.

 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to shed light on nursing care intended to keep infants clean in different situations during their short-term hospitalization in pediatric wards.

 Method: Leininger’s ethnonursing methodology was applied in this study. The participants were six nurses as key informants and nine general informants including six families with infants, and three doctors.

 Results: Four themes were identified: 1. During the acute stage, the nurse on duty at the time decided, on her own initiative, whether to quickly bathe the patient by herself or to ask the patient’s family for help so the infant would not start crying; 2. When it was difficult to find the right timing for bathing, the nurse visited the room frequently until the situation permitted bathing; 3. After the acute stage, the nurse showed the family how to prepare for bathing to allow it to be completed quickly, before the patient became exhausted; and 4. A nurse provided a bathing so that hospitalization life become rich.

 Discussion: From the acute stage, the nurses provided varied types of bathing, aiming to strike a good balance between patient safety and cleanliness. This involved not simply considering how and when to clean the patient, but also modified the way the families participated in caring: this is exactly what form nursing care should take.

 Purpose: To demonstrate how nurses observe and utilize the facial expressions of infants in the PICU under sedation for caregiving purposes.

 Method: Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory was applied. The study infants comprised eight nurses in addition to general information providers comprising nine families with infants and five doctors.

 Results: 1. If a “grim” expression persisted, nurses tried to identify the most suitable depth of sedation to address possible causes of sleeplessness. 2. If the infant’s eyes were closed but the mouth was moving, nurses tried to maintain the infant’s breathing stability while anticipating a possible unplanned extubation. 3. If an “empty gaze” was present three hours after coming off sedative medication, nurses anticipated a worsening of clinical condition and responded to prevent acute deterioration. 4. If the expression was “limp” and “with signs of distress” after being awakened, nurses anticipated impact in the area of breathing and circulation, and prioritized the maintenance of restfulness.

 Discussion: During sedation, nurses watch for subtle changes in expression in the area between the eyebrows, or near the eyes, and the mouth, to anticipate a possible abnormality in the coming hours and determine the care needed at that time.