During venipuncture for medical procedures such as IV and blood collection, preschool children often become upset. Their ability to self-regulate is influenced by support they receive from nursing staff. The types of support needed, however, have not been identified. This study aimed to clarify the types of support that nurses perceive they can offer preschool children to help them self-regulate whilst undergoing venipuncture. Data from semi-structured interviews with 13 nurses were obtained and analyzed, and the following five support categories were identified : (1) supporting children's understanding of upcoming treatment, (2) supporting children's voluntary actions towards medical treatment/medical procedures, and (3) empathizing with the trajectories of children's endurance, which all required (4) allowing children time before and during treatment and (5) providing a supportive scaffolding. This suggests that it is important for nurses to give children time to overcome their antipathy toward medical treatment and try to meet the expectations of their parents and nurses. It is also important that nurses empathize with and embody children's endurance, showing them the upcoming treatment and explaining the nurse's expectations about their effort. Intentionally providing these support structures is necessary to help preschool children self-regulate.

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A parent's insight into their children is based on the children's and parents' psychological stability. Parents of children receiving developmental support may have parent-child relationship concerns. This study aimed to clarify such parents' process in gaining insight into their children and the influence of parental reflective function on this process. Semi-structured interviews with five parents were analyzed using the Modified Grounded Theory Approach; six categories and 19 concepts were identified. Although parents grasped "understanding their children's behaviors" from a parents' perspective, they gained insight into their children by "confronting one's emotions and thoughts" through reflection. "A process to accept disability" and "feelings and behavior for future outlook" promoted parental reflective function. The transition process from reflection to gaining insight was influenced by "confronting experiences of being cared for" and "being aware of experiences of being supported." The study findings indicated the importance of supporters who understand their children's characteristics and express their emotions.

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To clarify the status of information provided to children with a congenital heart disease by their mothers and factors influencing the information provided to children from the perspectives of both the mothers and children, anonymous self-completed questionnaires were distributed to 10- to 12-year-old children with a congenital heart disease and their mothers. Effective responses were collected from 92 pairs (collection rate:82.5%, valid response rate:92.9%). The score of the information that mothers told their children was significantly lower than the score of the information that mothers wanted to tell their children which included the disease, treatment and daily life. Meanwhile, the score of the information that children heard from their mothers was significantly lower than the score of the information that children wanted to hear from their mothers which included future perspectives and complications. On multiple logistic regression, significant factors related to mothers' realization of telling information to their children were "interaction with the family of a child with the same disease", "self-assessed understanding of the disease by the mothers", "marital disagreement", and "limitations of children's activities". Significant factors related to children's realization of hearing information from their mothers were "interaction with the family of a child with the same disease", "psychological intrusion from their mothers", "their sensing of acceptance by their mothers", and "strict parenting". Consideration and mediation of disease information desired by mothers and children, providing sufficient information to mothers, and respecting mother-child relationship would support mothers to provide appropriate information about the disease to their children.

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This study was aimed at clarifying how nurses make the decision to detach the pulse oximeter from toddlers who are hospitalized with acute respiratory disease. A descriptive qualitative design approach was used. The participants were primarily eight ward nurses, five toddlers who had acute respiratory disease, together with their families, two outpatient nurses, and four pediatricians. The five distinctive cases were analyzed through participant observation, interviews, and data obtained from medical records. The nurses would longitudinally monitor the condition of the toddlers who were hospitalized for acute respiratory disease and who wore a pulse oximeter until the lower limit of the amplitude of their oxygen saturation had risen, the range had decreased, and normal values were being maintained. At the same time, to ascertain the toddlers' breathing strength, which was not necessarily in proportion to their activity, the nurses would watch and listen, and get a good grasp of the toddlers' breathing condition and state of health in relation to the numbers. After becoming confident in their observations without relying solely on the numbers, the nurses knew that it was time to remove the pulse oximeter from the toddler.

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[in Japanese]

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This study clarifies the thoughts and feelings of mothers as they held their preterm infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and the significance of holding their infants for these mothers. We conducted semi-structured interviews to determine what thoughts and feelings they experienced as they held their infants. We then extracted the mothers' thoughts from the interview data and analyzed them using the KJ method. When the mothers held their preterm infants, they recognized them through the five physical senses and were able to have mother-infant interaction. Through this experience, they became aware of the beginning of motherhood. The mothers also reported that the infants' small bodies, labored breathing, body warmth and weight felt like signs from their infants. At the same time, because the mothers were able to embrace their infants, they were able to feel their infants' growth and experience positive thoughts and feelings of relief for the first time.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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The aim of this study was to survey the awareness of people in developing countries regarding the use of pediatric vaccines, in order to achieve more general child vaccination and increase vaccination rates in those countries. In Cambodia's X City, general guardians and staff practicing pediatric medicine who attend to children under the age of five were surveyed on their familiarity with disease names and their awareness of the importance of 10 types of childhood vaccines recommended by the WHO. Fifty responses were obtained, giving a 100% valid response rate. The results showed good familiarity with BCG, polio, DPT, measles, and hepatitis B vaccines, but poor familiarity with Hib, rubella, rota and pneumococcus, and HPV vaccines. Staff at A Hospital and general guardians showed significant differences in awareness of DPT, measles, Hib, pediatric pneumococcus, rotavirus, and HPV. The vaccination coverage rate for BCG, hepatitis B, polio, DPT, and measles vaccine was high, whereas it was low and fee-based for rubella, pediatric pneumococcus, and rotavirus. To increase the vaccination coverage rate, a fuller knowledge of diseases and vaccines needs to be gained, and the importance of this knowledge needs to be recognized. In regions with low literacy rates, effective campaigns will be needed that provide education through means other than the written word.

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