The reproducibility of the mandibular movement in young children with a deciduous dentition was evaluated.
The subjects consisted of 4 children, with ages ranging from 3y11m to 5y3m, with normal occlusion. The mandibular movement was recorded using a mandibular movement analyzer (Saphon Visi-Trainer CII). Three parameters, the range of the vertical, lateral and the direction (angle) of the movement were assesed during gum chewing in the frontal plane. This examination was repeated on three times at intervals of one week.
The results obtained in the present study are summarized as follows;
1) Though individual differences were noticed significantly, in all parameters, some differences was recognized in each session.
2) Significant differences between right and left sides in the distance and the direction of lateral movement was noticed.
These results obtained in the present study suggested that the reproducibility of the mandibular movement in children was evident, hence, the instrument is applicable clinically, for the functional diagnosis of occlusion in young children.

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The biochemical study on the dentinogenesis of unerupted tooth germ including development, eruption and mastication is of great value to all areas of dentistry, especially to the pedodontic practice. In this study, we contrived a simple procedure for cell culture from a bovine dental sac as the first step of cell characterization.
A fresh tooth germ was dissected from a 2-year-old bovine jaw. Simple pieces of the tooth germ were placed between the bottom of a 2 cm² well and a 15 mm thermanox coverslip in D-MEM, containing 2 mg FCSP/ml,50μg ascorbic acid/ml and penicillin/streptomycin, using the Kawase and Saito method modified from Brunette. The dental sac cells of each stages were grown out of an explant and then subcultured by trypsinization. The cultures were maintained at 37°C and treated with or without 5×10^-9 M 1,25(OH)₂D₃ and 5×10^-8M 24,25 (OH)₂D₃.
Durin g the explantation, the cells of stage I (inner) and stage III (outer)migrated out actively. Morphologically, the migrated cell population was extremely heterogeneous. Nevertheless, the shape of the fibroblast-like cells, which were mainly grown with a day of primary culture, did not change for at least several passages. The growth of subcultured cells of each stages was inhibited by 1,25(OH)₂D₃, but was not inhibited by 24,25(OH)₂D₃ at any stages.
Therefore, cultures of dental sacs were able to be demonstrated by means of the outgrowth migration from explants and characterized with respect to the effect of vitamin D₃.

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In order to explore the cell characteristics obtained from the bovine dental sac and papilla, the alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) was biochemically characterized. Bovine permanent tooth germs were classified into the following three stages; Stage I: tooth germ which has slight dentin formation; Stage II: about half of the root was formed; and Stage III: full length of the root was almost completed.
Bovine tooth germs (incisors) from 2-year-olds were dissected immediately after slaughtering and were separated into dental sac and papilla. Subsequently, individual tissue was digested with collagenase at 37°C for 90 min. The ALPase activity was determined using the modified Lowry method, and expressed as units per 1×105 cells. One unit of activity represents 50 nmole of p-nitrophenylphosphate hydrolized/15 min at 37°C.
Cells from the dental sac have a high ALPase activity which increased according to the developing stages of the tooth germs; Stage I: 44.3±1.9; Stage II: 59.0±3.2; and Stage III: 67.6±4.9 units. However, the ALPase activity of dental papilla cells was maintained at a constant level. Km value of the dental sac at pH 10.15 was calculated as 2.86 mM for Stage I and 1.18 mM for Stage II and III respectively. However, the dental papilla cells kept the same Km value of 2.0 mM throughout the three stages. The ALPase was also inhibited markedly by l-homoarginine and slightly by l-phenylalanylglycylglycine.
Therefore, ALPase seems to be an important marker enzyme for development of the dental sac in comparison with that of the dental papilla.

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Mottled enamel teeth have been found in Sakura-Jima before 1955 and various papers concerning mottle teeth have been reported.
The water survice supply in Sakura-Jima has been improved since 1956. Since then, nobody has conducted a follow up study in regard to mottle teeth in Sakura-Jima.
The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of the improvement of water survice supply in comparison with the prevalence of mottle teeth reported before 1955 and to grasp the state of mottle teeth and to discuss the influence of mottle teeth to oral health administration.
This survey was made on 1158 nursery school and school children at Sakura-Jima.
The results obtained was as follows:
1) Enamel Hypocalcification which was detected by clinical examination in this survey was classified as mottled teeth based on the interrelationship among the prevalence, severity of the hypocalcification and the concentration of fluorine.
2) The prevalance of mottled teeth in Sakura-Jima was 10.7%. All of the mottled teeth detected in this survey were mild cases (M₁).
3) Mottled teeth were mainly detected in children who were consumed water with over 0.3 ppm of fluorine.
4) The caries inhibitory effect by mean of fluorine in drinking water at Sakura-Jima was not confirmed by this survey.

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The aims of this study was to clarify the role of malocclusion in causing the TMJ dysfunction syndrome in adolecents based on the relationship among malocclusion, morphological aspect of jaw and face and clinical condition.
The subjects were forty outpatients with TMJ dysfunction syndrome, aged 11-20 years old, who visited the Pedodontic Clinic of Kagoshima University, Dental Hospital.
The following results were obtained from the study of study casts, lateral and posteroanterior rentogenocephalograms, and the standadized full-face photographs.
1) The TMJ dysfunction group possesed a characteristic craniofacial morphology as follows: The mandibular ramus and corpus were smaller and shorter by comparison with the control group. In particular, the Gonial angle in the TMJ dysfunction group was greater than in the control group.
2) The direction of the scal-down of the mandibular in the TMJ dysfunction group was down and backward.
3) The Tooth to Denture base Discrepancy value and crowding score in TMJ dysfunction group was higher than in the control group. It was suggested that these findings were caused by the scale-down of the mandibular in TMJ dysfunction group.
4) The tooth to denture base discrepancy in the maxillar did not exist in the TMJ dysfunction Group by comparison with the control group. However, the crowding score of the maxillar was high. In view of all the results of this study, it was surmised that these findings were caused by the adaptation of the maxillar dentition to the small mandibular dentition.

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For the purpose of investigating the effects of sweets and beverages intake and tooth brushing on tooth decay in infants, records of health examinations at the ages of 1-year-6-months and 3 years in 451 infants in Utsunomiya City were analyzed.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. Children who had eaten sugar-containing foods and beverages such as buns, biscuits, ice cream, cake, Fruit juice, chocolate, beverages with lactic acid, carbonated beverages, snack chips and candy at least once a day at age 3suffer teeth decay more than those who had not.
2. In the evaluation of the effects from age 1-year-6-months, only candy had significant effects on tooth decay as observed at the age 3 health examination.
3. A significant relationship between tooth-brushing and tooth decay was not seen in this observation.
4. The factor analysis indicated that the factors relating to tooth decay at age of 3 were the frequency of drinking beverages with lactic acid bacilli or lactic acid, ice cream and snack chips. However, a relationship was not seen between tooth-brushing and tooth decay.
5. Based on these results temperance in eating sugar-containing foods and in drinking beverages is recommended rather than encouraging tooth-brushing to prevent tooth decay in infants.

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Two basic histodine-rich proteins were isolated from human submandibularsublingual saliva by means of hydroxyapatite chromatography and CM-cellulose chromatography. These two proteins were characterized by a high content of basic amino acids such as Lys, Arg, and His in their amino acid composition and had a strong affinity with hydroxyapatite crystals.
These two proteins had molecular weights of 9,000 and 6,000 daltons respectively, but they had the same N-terminal amino acid sequence up to 20 residues. The fraction of hydroxyapatite chromatography, which contained mainly these two basic histidine-rich proteins, accelerated the hydroxyapatite crystal growth in the solution saturated with dicalcium phosphate salt. Based on these results, it is considered that they might play some role in formation of the acquired pellicle and dental calculus. The concentration of these basicproteins in parotid saliva had no correlation to the DMFT index examined in 28 cases of adults females.

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The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between the development of the stomatognathic system and the changing of the mandibular movement.
The subjects consisted of 48 children without functional disorders of the stomatognathic system and were divided into groups from IIA to IIIC according to Hellman's dental stages.
The Saphon Visi-Trainer was used as the analytic method. The mandibular border movement at the mandibular incisor was recorded using the Saphon Visi-Trainer Model 3, and was examined as to how it changed according to the progress of Hellman's dental stage.
As a result, the following findings were obtained:
1. According to the progress of Hellman's dental stage, the mandibular border movement was enlarged towards the anterior, exterior, inferior and posterior.
2. Changing of the right and left maximal lateral occlusal positions of the mandible corresponding to the progress of Hellman's dental stage tended toward symmetry.
3. Corresponding to the Hellman's dental stage, the paths of the protrusive and lateral gliding movements moved downward and showed downward convex curved lines.

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Remineralization phenomena have been investigated by studying the recrystal growth process of partially dissolved hydroxyapatite crystals. When apatite crystals were dissolved in organic acid, an initial acid attack site was found both on the basal and prism planes of the apatite crystal. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how these attacked sites recover, when introduced in a remineralizing solution. From the thermodynamic analysis based on the concentration of the calcium and phosphate dissolved, it was suggested that lactic acid is more effective indissolving apatite than acetic acid at the initial pH between 3.0 and 4.0. This difference could be well accounted for based on the difference in dissociation constants and the affinity of the acids used to free calcium ions.
In view of fact that the degree of solution supersaturation in saliva with respect to biologically interested calcium phosphates is varied in stimulated and unstimulated saliva, two types of remineralizing solutions were prepared; one supersaturated (e. g. stimulated saliva) and the other undersaturated (e. g. unstimulated saliva) with respect to octacalcium phosphate (OCP). The initial remineralization was observed predominantly as re-crystal growth on the basal plane, while the subsequent remineralization pattern varied with the degree of supersaturation. With the higher supersaturation, in which OCP was possibly formed transiently, remineralization was initially inhibited in the presence of 10μM of F^-, presumably due to suppression of OCP nucleation. With the lower supersaturation, the acid-attacked sites were the sites for remineralization. Once the HAp crystals were nucleated, they grew along the c-axis, resulting in restoring the demineralized region. Presence of F^- in this case simply accelerated the remineralization. These findings may be of interest in considering the orientation of newly formed microcrystals in the remineralized layer.

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In the present study, we estimated the frequency of hypodontia, supernumerary teeth and fusion in the primary dentitions of patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis, and then examined them to discover whether or not the such anomalies occur in the permanent dentitions of these patients.
Eighty-five children with cheilognatopalatosisis, more than 5 years of age, were recruited from among the dental patients who visited our hospital.
Individuals with other anomalies were excluded.
Longitudinal studies on patients were done clinically and radiografically. Results:
1. Tooth anomalies were observed in 30.6% of the primary teeth, and 71.8%of the permanent teeth.
2. The ratio of tooth anomalies for the maxilla was 25.9% for the primary teeth, and 69.4% for the permanent teeth. The frequencies of these anomalies are significantly higher than for healthy children. On the other hand, tooth anomalies in the mandibula the ratio 5.9% for the primary teeth, and 12.9%for the permanent teeth, suggesting that no difference in the frequency was observed between the patients and healthy children.
3. For the maxillary primary teeth, hypodontia amounts to 14%, for the supernumerary teeth 10.6%. For the maxillary permanent teeth, hypodontia amounts to 64.7%, and for the supernumerary teeth 5.9%.
4. In the maxillary primary teeth, hypodontia was seen in the anterior region of the patients both with chilognathoshisis and with chilognatopalatoschisis, and in the posterior region of the patients with palatoschisis. In the maxillary permanent teeth, hypodontia was seen in the anterior region, in the case of chilognatoschisis, in the posterior region in the case of palatoschisis and in the anterior and posterior region in the case of chilognatopalatoschisis. These data indicate that there is a difference in the affected site between cleft types.
5. Anomalies in the number of the teeth were seen rather in either the primary teeth or in the permanent teeth. However, in the gnatoschisis with a more severe cleft, such anomalies occurred more frequently both in the primary teeth and in the permanent teeth.
6. For the relationships between the positions of the cleft and teeth anomalies, it occurs most frequently in A′BC,73.8% and A′C,11.9%, AB′B',8.3%. In AB′C, it is the least,4.8%.

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Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cleaning and polishing methods on primary enamel smooth surfaces.
Fifty-nine extracted or exfoliated caries free primary anterior teeth were used. The cleaning and polishing methods used in this study were; application of 10%NaOCL, polishing with a brush cone (Hawe-Neo-Dental Co. ) or a polishing brush (Sato Dental Material Co. ) at a low speed (600-6000 r. p. m. ), polishing with a brush cone and various polishing pastes, cleaning with an air polisher Prophy-Jet (Dentsply Co. ) or Quick-Jet (Dentscraft Co. ) with NaHCO₃ powder and water. The polishing pastes used in this study were Neo-Polishing-Paste (Neo Dental Chemical Products Co. ), pumice slurry (Tokyo Dental College prescription), tooth paste (Lion Co. ) and CCS Prophy-Pastes (Inoue Marketing Co. ).
The following observations were obtained using the SEM.
1. Air polishing systems were useful for cleaning the enamel surface. In particular cleaning with a Prophy-Jet for one minute was the most effective.
2. The enamel surface, however, was abraded after cleaning with a Quick-Jet for 30 seconds. The Quick-Jet was inferior to the Prophy-Jet in cleaning efficacy and safety with respect to the enamel.
3. Among the polishing methods with a brush cone and the polishing pastes for 30 seconds, Prophy-Paste-Red and Prophy-Paste-Yellow were the most satisfactory in removal of organic films and enamel safety.
4. Many deep scratch marks were observed in the cases polished with a brush cone and pumice slurry. Pumice slurry should not be used for enamel surface polishing.
5. Since many scratch marks were observed in many cases polished with Neo-Polishing-Paste, Prophy-Paste-Blue and Prophy-Paste-Green, these polishing pastes are not suitable for the enamel surface polishing.
6. It was likely that materials such as organic films would remain on the enamel surface polished with a brush cone or polishing brush alone for 30 seconds or one minute.
7. The effect of 10% NaOCL application for 30 seconds was the lowest.

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The effect of a bacteriocin (mutacin) produced by Streptococcums utans strain C3603 (serotype c) on experimental dental caries in rats infected with S. mutans MT8148R (serotype c) was examined. Significant inhibition of caries development in rats was observed when mutacin was administered both in the drinking water and in the diet at a high level of concentration (100 μg/ml and 1,000 μg/g respectively). However, the inhibition rate was not as high as expected from the concentration of the administered mutacin, and in addition, mutacin administration in drinking water had little effect on the colonization of infected S. mutans, accumulation of plaque or caries incidence in rats receiving a low concentration mutacin diet. The results of the present experiment suggest that the antimicrobial activity of mutacin must have been reduced in the oral cavity of rats.

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The results of the previous experiment suggested that the antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin (mutacin) produced by Streptococcus mutans strain C3603 (serotype c) must have been reduced in the oral cavity of rats. In order to elucidate the reasons, possible factors to reduce the mutacin activity were examined in vitro. Mutacin killed the S. mutans cells immediately when it came in contact with glucose-grown cells, whereas it did not kill the cells grown in a sucrose-containing medium completely even when mutacin was incubated with the cells for 10 minutes. In addition to this, adsorption of mutacin to the extracellular polysaccharides produced from sucrose by S. mutans was not observed. On the other hand, similar resistance to the mutacin activity by extracellular polysaccharide production was demonstrated in the case of Streptococcus sanguis or Actinomyces viscosus. Furthermore, S. mutans cells grown in a sucross medium supplemented with dextranase induced little resistance to mutacin. The results suggest that the coating of the indicator cells with extracellular polysaccharides must be an important inhibitory factor related to mutacin activity.

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A new coating agent which adheres to the enamel was developed. Fluoride ion from NaF at various concentrations (10,50,100 ppm F^-) was incorporated into the agent. The human premolors were coated with wax exposing two windows, they were immersed in a decalcifying solutions which was prepared in 100mM lactic acid and 17% gelatin gel for three weeks to form artificial white spot lesions. One window was applied with the new coating agent, the other window was free of the new coating agent. The teeth were immersed in calcifying solutions for 10 days. Horizontal ground sections were examined in quinoline using a polarlized microscope. It shows increased in the negative birefrigence on surface area and the advancing front of the lesion. Microbeam x-ray diffraction analysis suggested that fluoridated hydroxyapatite formed in this region and crystallinity increased mostly in the c-axis direction, indicating that crystal growth of fluoridated hydroxyapatite occurred in this direction maintaining the original orientation of enamel. Comparison of the data obtained at various F- concentrations in the agent clearly suggest that 10 ppm F^- is the most effective in remineralization of the white spot lesions.
In a clinical study the remineralizing effect of 10 ppm F^- containing the coating agent was evaluated on naturally formed white spot lesions of human enamel for three months. Sixteen children, who volunteered for this study, were given instruction to practice good oral hygiene with fluoride free dentifrice. Each child was observed for two month-period. The new coating agent was applied on the first visit, after 1 week,2 weeks, and 1 month later for a total of four times.70% of the teeth showed a reduction of the incidence of white spot lesions and most surprizingly 25% of them disappeared.
Results obtained both in vitro and in vivo clearly suggest that the fluoride containing coating agent has prominant ability to arrest incipient enamel caries and promote remineralization in white spot lesions.

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We experienced a case of inverted tooth in the nasal cavity, which is comparatively rare. We investigated four cases of inverted teeth which we experienced in our department and seven cases reported from January 1975 to April 1986 in the literature.
1. Sex distinction
Male: 6 cases Female: 6 cases
2. Age
Average age 11.5 years old
Under 10 years of age: 10 cases among 12 cases
3. Classification and form
Classification
Normal teeth: 4 cases
Supernumerary teeth: 8 cases
Form
Canine or canine like: 8 cases among 12 cases
4. Symptoms
Cases developing symptoms concerning the nose were observed in more cases than in the others.
In particular, a feeling of nasal obstruction was observed in the most cases.
5. Cause
4 of the 5 cases experienced in our department were accompanied with cleft lip and cleft palate.

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The aims of this study was to report on 3 cases with gingival hyperplasia caused by diphenyl hydantoin, and to examine the dental treatment planning for these patients.
The c a ses were as follows:
Case 1: The conten t s of the treatment for gingival hyperplasia was gingivectomy on the full mouth. This treatment was decided upon due to the possibility of good plaque control by the patient himself and by his parents. However, after the operation, he suffered from alopecia areata because of stress induced by the plaque control of his parents. After that, plaque control by his parents was discontinued and gingival hyperplasia caused by diphenyl hydantoin recurred.
Case 2,3: These patients had a systematic problem (anemia) ca u sed by bleeding from the gingiva. Therefore, their chief complaint was the treatment of gingival inflammation. Extraction of the teeth associated with the gingival hyperplasia was performed as a form of treatment for eleviating the gingival inflammation according to our judgement from the bad plaque control behavior of patients. With this then, the gingival inflammation was eleviated, and the anemia was cured.
Therefore, the results based on the above all were as follows: The important factors for conducting the dental treatment concerning gingival hyperplasia caused by diphenyl hydantoin are good plaque control without stress and chief complaints. Also, if a patient or parents could conduct the good plaque control, the gingivectomy should not be performed.

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A partial deletion of the short arms No.10 chromosome (10 p-syndrome)is described in a 4-year and 6-month-old boy with gross abnormalities involving several organ systems. Chromosomal analysis revealed an abnormal clone of cells with a 47 XXY, del (10) (P14→Pter)/47 XXY mosaic karyotype. He had mental and physical growth retardation, heart trouble, encephalatrophy, ventricular magnification, antimongoloid slant, inner epicanthal fold, saddle nose, earlobe bombe and talipes varus. In addition to these general findings, this case also disclosed the following dental findings:
1) The form of the palate was assymmetrical and the median palatine suture was slightly shifted to the left.
2) The enlargement of the ramus angle and a finger sucking habit led to an open bite.
3) Each of the mesiodistal lengths of all primary teeth was larger than their normal value.
4) The basal tubercle of the lower primary canines deviated to distal direction, and the marginal ridges of the upper first and second primary incisors and first primary molars were particularly large, and the upper primary in cisors were shovel shaped teeth.
5) Roentgenogram revealed missing tooth germs of the upper second permanent incisors.

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A clinical psychology study team had been organized in our department to deepen our knowledge in the treatment of all types of oral habits and various attempts at treatment have been undertaken.
Recently an attempt to eliminate psychologically the thumb-sucking habit of a 6-year-7-month-old girl who had begun thumb-sucking right after birth was made and the following findings were obtained.
1. A psychological test helped to understand the character of the girl and the problems in the character of her parents. This test seemed to be very effective for determining the principles of treatment and giving guidance on everyday living to the mother.
2. By applying aversion therapy to the child, the motivation to stop the bad habit was established. Furthermore, auto-suggestion could trigger stopping the habit, giving confidence to the child that she stopped it by herself.
3. About one week after starting this attempt, she gave up thumb sucking, at least while sleeping. At her one-year follow-up evaluation, there was no sign of recurrence.
4. As compared with the conventional mechanical methods, the present psychological habit elimination method is considered to be effective and useful for supporting the healthy physical and mental growth of children.

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A rare case of inverted impaction of the maxillary right second premolar in an 11-year-old boy is reported.
It was confirmed that this tooth was the maxillary second premolar based on the roentgenographic findings and the histological investigation after the extraction of the tooth.
There was nothing peculiar about the family record of the patient, the medical history and general growth condition.
In addition, the details of the cause of the development and the course were unknown, However, it would appear that the tooth might have been in the malposition at the early developmental stage.

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Marfan's syndrome was first described by Marfan in 1896, under the name dolichostenomelia. In 1902 Achard called it "arachnodactyly". This syndrome is characterized by disproportionate skeletal growth with dolichostenomelia and arachnodactyly, ectopia lentis, and dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. The oral manifestation of this syndrome, a high palatal vault, is very prevalent and may be a constant finding. Bifid uvula is also reported as well as malocclusion.
This report concerns a clinical observation of a case of Marfan's syndrome. A boy aged 5 years was examined from the dental point of view.
The findings were as follows:
1. The patient had tall and thin habitus, arachnodactyly, scoliosis producing a marked asymmetry, pectus excavatum, and a wizened facial appearance.
2. The skull and face were long and corresponding to the anthropologic concept of dolichocephaly.
3. A high palatal vault and malocclusion with deep overbite and a unilateral crossbite on the left side were found.
4. Severe dental caries were noted in all deciduous teeth.
5. The roentogenographic findings revealed that there was no demonstrable abnormality concerning bone age, and that the form, number, eruption, and development of the permanent teeth were normal.
6. As a result of cephalometric diagnosis, the mandible appeared to be prognathic and a protruded chin was noted.
7. In the findings of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches, the mesiodistal distance of each tooth crown and the length of the dental arches were within normal limits but their width was remarkably narrow.
8. The histological findings of the extracted lower left second deciduous molar were such that:
(1) there was no structural abnormality in the enamel.
(2) interglobular spaces scattered in the dentin of the pulp horn region, and the dental tubles of the innermost layer of the dentin of the roots decreased in number and ran in a disordered manner.
(3) a few, free false denticles were found in the coronal pulp chamber.
(4) remarkably thick deposition of the secondary cementum with vascular inclusions was on the bifurcation.
9. Electron probe microanalysis and microradiogram revealed normal calcification of the extracted teeth.

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There are many reports which present the effect of traumatic injuries to primary teeth on their permanent successors.
We observed crown malformations of the maxillary right incisors in a boy aged 8 years 10 months. A history obtained from his mother revealed that the right deciduous central incisor was intruded when, at the age of 18 months, he fell. He was immediately taken to a practitioner, and the intruded tooth was extracted. He was diagnosed as A. L. L. at the age of 4 years 7 months.
We observed no disturbance except for the maxillary right incisors in the oral examination, so we judged that crown malformations resulted from the injury to the primary tooth. On the maxillary right central incisor, the gingival half crown was covered with enamel, but in the incisal half crown there was no enamel without a distal line angle area and yellow dentin was observed. He complained of pain when this dentin was scratched. Roentogenographical examination revealed the abscence of enamel in the incisal half crown, so we diagnosed this tooth as enamel hypoplasia. On the maxillary right lateral incisor, the incisal half crown was surrounded with yellowish hard tissue. The surface of this hard tissue was rough but in some places whitish and bright.
We eliminated this hard tissue for aesthetic reasons, and examined it histopathologically. This hard tissue proved to be mainly irregular tubular dentin, and enamel was observed in some places. We could not reject the existence of cement. From these findings, we judged the crown malformation of this lateral incisor as an odontome-like malformation called by Andreasen et. al..

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