The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationships between an increase in the bite force (BF) and a variety of factors such as i) chronological and physical development, ii) physical characteristics and motion ability in sports and iii) malocclusion, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and dental conditions represented by DMFT, dft. The number of children examined in the study were 1992 ranged from 3 yrs to 14 years old.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The BF increased chronologically with a high positive correlation in both sexes. Significant differences between the sexes were noticed after 5 years of age in both the normal group and the anomaly group with malocclusion and/or TMD, i. e. males likely to show higher bite forces.
2. As an analyzing influence of the physical factors on the BF using normalized partial regression coeficients, the physical development factors, such as statue and body weight were less influential on an increase in the BF, while the grip force in both sexes and 50 m splint abilities factors in the girls were a positive contribution to the BF.
3. Generally there were not any significant differences in the BF between the normal and anomaly groups in both sexes.
4. Malocclusion and TMD showed a negative contribution to the BF in the girls.
5. The normalized partial regression coeficient analysis showed that DMFT+ dft scores made a negative contribution to the BF in both sexes as well.
Current results suggest that chronological and physical development and the physical characteristics and motion ability with significant differences between the sexes are associated with an increase in the bite force.

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The purpose of this study was to discover the relationship between the behavior of mothers during the dental treatment of handicapped children and the manner of the mother in bringing up the child. The mothers were classified into two groups; the mothers of Group A were with their children in the operating room while receiving dent. treatment and the mothers of Group B stayed in the waiting room.
The subjects were thirty seven pairs of mother and handicapped child who visited the clinic of pediatric dentistry of Aichi-Gakuin University, Dental Hospital. The mothers could choose whether to be with their children while receiving dental treatment or not.
Examination of the manners of. the mothers adopted the Takensiki's parentchild relationship test. The test ex mined such items as “negative rejection”“positive refection” “strictness” “expectation” “interference” “uneasiness”“dotage” “blind obedience” “contradiction” and “disagreement”.
The manner-score of mothers in the test were classified into three degrees as “dangerous-zone” “pre-dangerous-zone” and “standard-zone”.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. In both groups examined the manner-score of the mothers in five items, “negative rejection” “positive refection” “strictness” “dotage” and “contradiction”, were in the dangerous-zone or the pre-dangerous-zone.
2. Manner-scores of the mothers of Group B were poorer in all items except “dotage” and “anxiety” than that of the mothers of Group A.
3. Many of the mothers of Group A showed scores the standard-zone in two items of “blind obedience” and “disagreement”, while many of the mothers of Group B showed scores of the dangerous-zone in the two items.

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A clinical and radiographic follow up was conducted on 252 primary teeth (83 boys and 60 girls), who had been treated by vital pulp amputation with calcium hydroxide paste during the period from January 1988 to December 1992at The Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University. The results obtained were as follows:
1. At the time of the final follow up examination for each treated tooth, the teeth judged as being successful numbered 184(73.0%) and those as being unsuccesful numbered 68(27.0%).
2. Among the anterior teeth, few cases were observed to be unsuccessful, while on the other hand, the unsuccessful cases were more numbered among the posterior teeth, particularly among the lower second deciduous molars.
3. According to the results at the time of each follow up examination,19.1%cases of all of the unsuccessful cases were observed 6 months after treatment, and some unsuccessful cases were observed after 24 months.
4. According to the age at the time of treatment, the range of the age of the unsuccessful cases was 6-7 years, when vital pulp amputation had been performed, and the number of unsuccessful cases was greater in comparison with the younger patients.
From those above findings, it was indicated that periodic follow up examinations should include radiographic observations of the treated deciduous teeth until they exfoliate.

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Vital bleaching with 30% hydrogen peroxide mixed with ethylether in a ratio of 5: 1 and using heat was attempted. The Bleaching Instrument (Union Broach Co. ) was used for heating. Cotton pledget, saturated with the bleaching agent, was applied to the labial aspect of the tooth and heated at 50°C for 2 to 3minutes. The influence of the vital bleaching on the human pulp tissues was observed.
Two experimental groups and one control group were prepared: Group 1(Bleaching was attempted one time. ), Group 2 (Bleaching was attempted two times with 7 day interval. ). Control Group (No bleaching.). The number of cases in each group was: 5 cases of each in Group 1 and in Group 2 and 3cases in the Control Group.
Clinical and histopathological studies were attempted and obtained the following results.
1. For each of the 5 cases of Group 1 and Group 2, a total number of 10cases, only one case in Group 2 clinically showed discomfort symptoms and nine cases showed no symptom.
2. As for the clinical discomfort symptoms, a slightly subjective symptom was appeared. However, this symptom disappeared a short period after the bleaching.
3. As for the histopathological findings, hyperemia of the pulp and slight changes of the odontoblastic layers were observed in a few cases. However, inflammatory cell infiltration of the pulp was not observed in any of the cases.
4. Vital bleaching with 30% hydrogen peroxide mixed with ethylether and heat was the method without apparent harmful effects noted clinically and histopathologically.

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Traumatic injuries to 490 permanent teeth of 260 children who visited the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Tsurumi University Dental Hospital for 11 years from 1980 to 1990, were examined clinically. In addition, the prognoses were surveyed for 300 traumatised teeth examined in the follow up observations.
The results were summarized as follows:
1) The number of patients with traumatic injuries has gradually increased every year since 1986.
2) Eight-year-old children were most frequently affected among these children. The ratio of boys to girls was 2: 1.
3) The most common incidence of the injuries occurred in February, May and October. The injuries showed a peak incidence at 8 A. M.,1 to 2 P. M. and 4 P. M..
4) The most frequently observed cause of the injury was tripping (126 cases), followed by collision (54 cases), road accidents (25 cases) and falls (18 cases).
5) The average number of injured teeth per child was 1.9.
6) The most commonly injured teeth were the upper central incisors (72.9%).
7) Among the types of the injuries classified by the Ellis classification, class VII (51.9%) were the most common followed by class II (16.0%), class III (11.7%), class IV (7.8%), and class VI (2.9%).
8) Coronal fractures without pulp exposure showed a higher frequency at 8years of age, and fractures involving pulp showed a relatively higher percentage in the older children with root completion of the teeth. In contrast, the incidence of luxation showed the highest percentage in the younger children with incomplete root formation of the teeth, and the incidence of luxation increased again after 10 years of age.
9) Composite resin (96 out of 211 teeth) and re-attachment of fractured tooth segments (107 out of 211 teeth) were applied for restorations of the coronal fracture cases, while direct pulp capping (7 out of 57 teeth), partial pulpotomy (8 out of 57 teeth) and pulpotomy (42 out of 57 teeth) were applied to the fractures involving pulp, and apexification (18 out of 38 teeth) and root canal filling (20 out of 38 teeth) were applied to the coronal fractures needed endodontic treatment. In most cases of the luxation of 252 teeth, splinting was applied to 175subluxated,36 displaced and 31 replanted teeth for the fixation.
10) In the follow-up examination, the pulp necrosis was found in 3 teeth (6.8%)of class II injury and 8 teeth (22.2%) of class III injury, which required endodontic treatment. In the class VII injury,70.4% of replantation cases,65.2% of displacement cases and 15.7% of subluxation cases received endodontic treatment, because of pulp necrosis and/or progressive root resorption occurring in the follow up examinations.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the time of eruption and calcification of the permanent dentition between skeletal class III and class II groups, and also to examine the relationship between the time of eruption and the type of malocclusion. Fifty-three children aged 7-10 years were selected. Of these,27 children were Angle's class III with minus ANB and 26children were Angele's class II with 5 or more ANB. Panoramic X-rays and chephalometric X-rays were used. The panoramic radiographs showed that the calcification of the upper second molars in class II were earlier than that in class III using Nolla's classification. In both the upper and lower molar regions, the time of eruption and calcification were earlier in the upper second molars than in the lower in class II. In contrast, the time of eruption and the calcification were earlier in the lower second molars than in the upper in class III. The time of eruption and the calcification of the upper molars were significantly related to the length of the ANS-PNS. The longer the ANS-PNS, the earlier was the time of eruption and the. calcification. There was a significant relationship between the ANB angle and the time of eruption, as well as, the ANB angle and the calcification.

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It is thought that various factors are related to the fluorine (F) release from glass-ionomer cement (GIG). However, the effect of abrasion on the F release from GIG has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to elu cidate the relationship between toothbrush abrasion and the F release from GIG. The F release from two kinds of GIG was measured during and after an abrasion test. This test was done using the toothbrush abrasion apparatus, newly developed in our laboratory, with a brushing load of 500g and 10,000 brushing strokes. The following results were obtained.
1. The F release from GIG increased during the abrasion test.
2. The F release from the abrased surface of GIG increased after the abrasion test.
3. SEM observations of the brushed surfaces of the sample indicated the appearance of inner bubbles and the loss of cores. The increase of the F release from GIG after the abrasion test was thought to be connected to the appearance of the newly abraded surface and the abraded surface roughness.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effects and adverse effects of doses of 0.2 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg midazolam, administration intranasally, and to determine the most appropriate concentration for the drug.
Forty-three mentally handicapped patients, aged 5 to 20 years, all of whom had previously exhibited highly combative and resistant behavior toward dental treatment under nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation, received either 0.2 mg /kg or 0.3 mg/kg of intranasal midazolam. The patients then received dental treatment combining nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation (20-40% N2O/80-60% O2).
The initial sedative effects appeared within 5-10 minutes after the intranasal midazolam administration. No patient rejected the nasal mask or refused to inhale the nitrous oxide/oxygen. The success rate was evaluated as both “markedly effective” and “effective” for each dental procedure (oral-examination, injection, rubber-dam, cavity-preparation and restoration). The success rate for each dental procedure was 66.7-89.5% with 0.2 mg/kg, and with 0.3 mg/kg showed 83.3-95.2%. With both doses, the injection of local anesthesia showed the lowest success rates among all of the items. There were no significant differences between each rate in all of the dental procedures in both groups. In both groups, the majority of patients was discharged within 150 minutes of the intranasal instillation of midazolam. At no time during the course of this study were any adverse effects observed in the 0.2 mg/kg dose group. However, the 0.3 mg/kg dose group exhibited respiratory depression (below 94% in SpO₂ or sometimes needing jaw-lift) in 4 cases and vomiting in one case.
The rates of the overall clinical usefulness after evaluation of the clinical sedative effects and adverse effects, were 77.3% for 0.2 mg/kg and 76.2% for 0.3 mg/kg. Therefore, no clinical benefit was observed using the higher dose of 0.3 mg/kg midazolam. We recommend using the lower dose of 0.2 mg/kg intranasal midazolam.

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We evaluated quantitatively the lower permanent anterior crowding of 10cases after the chin cap treatment of anterior cross bite in the deciduous dentition (the chin cap group) and of 7 cases after the chin cap treatment in combination with an upper lateral expansion appliance in the deciduous and early mixed dention (the combination group), using their study models and lateral cephalograms. We also investigated the relationship between the degree of crowding and the dentitional and craniofacial morphology at the time of first visit and the amount of change.
The results were as follows;
1. We observed lower anterior crowding from 1 to 5 degrees in the 10 cases of the chin cap group.
2. In the same group, the amounts of expansion in the lower bicanine width and the lower anterior length following the exchange of incisors were remarkably inferior to the amount of expansion in the upper arch.
3. Based on multiple regression analysis in which the degree of crowding was a criterion variable, in addition to the difference between lower deciduous and permanent incisors and the craniofacial open bite tendency after the exchange of the lower incisors, the dentitional morphology in the lower anterior arch and their changing amount were selected as significant explanatory variables of partial regression coefficient.
4. In the 7 cases of the combination group, the appearance of crowding in the lower anterior arch was eased compared to the chin cap group.
5.1 year after the retaining of the expansion, the changing amount of the lower bicanine width concurrent with maxillary expansion was around the amount of corresponding to estimated growth, except unusual cases.
6. It is suggested that one of the reasons for the appearance of anterior permanent lower crowding after the treatment of anterior cross bite is a lack of the amount of the lateral expansion especially in the lower arch, and that active maxillary expansion is also effective for easing of the lower anterior crowding.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dental electronic anesthesia (DEA). The subjects were 16 adults (eight dentists and eight students of Nagasaki University School of Dentistry). The lower second premolar was used as the subject in this study.
Based on the placement of the rubber dam clamp for the lower second premolar, the efficacies of infiltration anesthesia and DEA were compared. Based on the injection of infiltration anesthesia for the lower second premolar, the efficacies of the surface anesthesia and DEA were compared. The difinitions of pain scores are as follows.
Score 3: severe pain, Score 2: medium pain, Score 1: slight pain, Score 1: no pain.
1) The mean of pain score, for the rubber dam clamp placement, was 1.69±0.79 under no anesthesia.
2) The mean of pain score, for the rubber dam clamp placement, was 1.00±0.89under infiltration anesthesia and 1.25±0.68 under DEA. There was no significant difference in pain scores between the infiltration anesthesia and DEA.
3) The mean values of the pain score, for the injection of infiltration anesthesia, were 1.81±0.75 under surface anesthesia and 1.19±0.83 under DEA. There was statistically significant difference in pain scores between surface anesthesia and DEA at a confidence level of P<0.05.
4) In comparing of DEA and surface anesthesia,12 out of 16 subjects (75.0%)preferred DEA and 4 subjects (25.0%) preferred surface anesthesia. In the comparison of DEA and infiltration anesthesia,6 out of 16 subjects (37.5%)preferred DEA and 6 subjects (37.5%) preferred infiltration anesthesia. However,4 subjects (25.0%) answered that efficacy of DEA and infiltration anesthesia were equal.

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The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight into the actual condition of patients who visited the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Kyushu University Dental Hospital during the period from April 1979 to March 1993. The subjects were 6229 children (3107 boys and 3122 girls).
The findings were as follows:
(1) As for the age of the patients at the first visit,2 year-old and 3 year-old patients represented a large percentage (26.2%).
(2) As for the chief complaint, the complaint of dental caries was the most frequent, followed by malocclusion, trauma, oral check up and soft tissue disease. However, the rate of dental caries decreased every year while that of the other complaints increased.
(3) As for the number of patients who were referred to our clinic, patients from private general dental clinics were the most numerous, followed by those from Kyushu University Medical Hospital, friends, The Oral Surgery Clinic of this hospital as well as the staff of this hospital and general hospitals. The number of these patients increased every year and has occupied over 55% of all patients sinse 1991.
(4) The rate of patients afflicted with other than dental diseases or handicapped patients was 20.4%. Most of them were from Kyushu University Medical Hospital. The number of the patients from general hospitals has increased rapidly every year.
(5) 61.18% of all patients had experienced dental treatment before they visited our clinic. Most of the patients with malocclusion as the chief complaint had experienced dental treatment before, while most of the patients who came for oral chek up or whose chief complaint was soft tissue diseases had no such experience.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of occlusal contacts from an early to later stage of the 1st permanent molars. The subjects examined in the study were 13 children ranging from the early (mean age 6.5 years. ) to the later stage (mean age 7.7 years. ). Two cast models and occlusal bites were obtained and the interocclusal relationship was then evaluated by using the “Occlusogram” computed image analyzing system. The main system consisted of a CCD camera (PX-390A, PIAS), personal computer (PC-9801RX, NEC), image analyzer (LA-525MS, PIAS) and digitizer (D3110, PIAS). A CCD camera standardized at the right angle to the measuring plane of cast 250 mm apart. The sampling image was input into the personal computer, and an image analyzer and digitizer were then used for analysis.
The accuracy of the system was evaluated first and the items measured were; The number of occlusal contact, the area of occlusal contact and the displacement of the centroid of occlusal contact shown on either 2nd primary molars.
The following results were obtained;
1) The accuracy based on distance between the CCD camera and model was 200 mm: 0.096%,250 mm: -0.106%,300 mm: 0.276%,350 mm: 0.326%in that order.
2) The mean numbers of occlusal contact points of the 1st and 2nd primary molars were noticed, while those of the 1st permanent molars significantly increased from 1.3 to 3.3 point (p<0.01) during the early and later eruptive stages of the 1st permanent molar.
3) The mean area (mm²) of occlusal contacts of the 1st and 2nd primary molars did not show any difference during the eruptive period of the 1st permanent molar. However, those of the 1st permanent molars significantly increased from 0.69 to 2.29 mm² (p<0.01).
4) The centroid of occlusal contact of the lower 2nd ipsilateral primary molars was displaced disto-buccaly while the 1st permanent molars was erupting. The mean length and angle of the displacement of the centroid on the occlusal contact of the 2nd primary molar were 1.11 mm and 54.46°in the left and 1.09 mm and 61.88° in the right side.
Based on this data the mesio-lingual movement of 2nd primary molars due to the erupting 1st molar was suggested.

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To clarify the mechanism of root resorption in human deciduous teeth, we examined the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP-ase), a marker enzyme for osteoclats, in 32 human deciduous teeth. After detecting the TRACP-ase activity by the azo-dye method, the sections were observed by light microscopy or confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). At the early stage of root resorption, week TRACP-ase activity was detected in the odontoblasts only by CLSM. In the teeth undergoing root resorption, TRACP-ase activity was detected by CLSM in the odontoblasts located far from the resorption site. In the odontoblasts near the resorption site TRACP-ase activity was intense enough to be detected by light microscopy. The most intense activity of TRACPase was observed in odontoclasts and in the dentinal tubules opening onto the resorptive lacunae beneath odontoclasts.
These findings suggest that odontoblasts also involve during the initiation of root resorption, and the dentine matrix under the odontoclasts is degenerated by TRACP-ase secreted from odontoclasts into the dentinal tubules.

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Specimens were prepared from six deciduous molars which were extracted due to advanced periapical lesions. Localization of the microorganisms in the dential tubules of the root was investigated histologically under scanning electron microscopy.
The invasion of the microorganisms into the dentinal tubules of the root was observed in six specimens out of ten. In most cases, the invasion of the microorganisms into the dentinal tubules was observed in the coronal third especially around the entrance to the root canal. In the region of the apical third, only one specimen showed a bacterial invasion which was superficial and limited in some tubules.
These observations indicated that the invasion of the microorganisms into the dential tubules was not especially noticable in the middle or apical portions of the root of pulpless deciduous teeth.

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The root canal and intracanal wall of three deciduous teeth which were extracted due to advanced apical periodontitis and sever abnormal root resorption were examined by means of light and transmission electron microscopes.
There was a large quantity of microorganisms in the root canal and on the intracanal wall in all specimens. Invasion of microorganisms into the dentinal tubules in the coronal third in all specimens was observed, and in the middle third in two specimens. However, the apical third in all specimens showed no invasion of microorganisms into the dentinal tubules. According to our previous study and this study, therefore, it is suggested that before the microorganisms invade into the dentinal tubules, inflammation certainly breaks out and advances in the apical and furcation regions in deciduous teeth.
Very small electron-denced materials adhered irregularly on the dentinal tubule wall in the apical region. These materials were unknown, but it was thought that they were intimately related to the infection and inflammation in the apical region. Also, partial cementum-like tissue deposition on intracanal wall in the apical region showed the restration mechanism in the process of abnormal root resorption.

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Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a disease that presents characteristic facial features combined with other abnormalities including mental retardation and developmental disorders.
This report shows the systemic and dental findings concerning a 6-year,6month-old boy with Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
1) This case showed a. ) mental retardation, b. ) lower birth weight, c. ) physical undergrowth, d. ) small headsize, e. ) excessive development of the eyelashes and eyebrows, f. ) low-set ears, g. ) short limbs, h. ) mesial set pollex, i. ) syndactyly of the toes.
2) Bone development was delayed and judged to be at the stage of a 3-4-yearold child.

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Crouzon's syndrome is a disease presenting three symptoms (1) craniostosis, (2) hypoplasia of the middle face, and (3) exopthalmus. The clinical and radiological findings for a 4-year-4-month-old girl with Crouzon's syndrome are as follows;
1) The child was found to have hydrocephalia.
2) The eyes were severely protruted with exotropia.
3) The middle region of the face was not fully developed, and the patient had a “parrot' beak” nose and short upper lip.
4) P-A and a lateral projection radiograph showed conical and several fingerlike indentations of the bone. Underdevelopment of the maxilla and anterioinferior development of the mandible were evident. Deformation of the mandible could be seen.
5) Examination of the occluiion showed an anterior open bite, mesial deviation of the mandible in the molar region, and narrow mandibular arch, the high palate and tongue thrust.
6) Calcification age was judged as 4 years and 7 months based on panoramic radiographs.
7) Clinical tests showed high alkaline phosphate and low calcium, indicating the possibility of osteopathosis.

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The Pierre Robin syndrome is complex and associated with Pierre Robin, a French stomatologist. It has been observed in micrognathia, glossoptosis and respiratory obstruction in infants. This paper presents clinical and X-ray findings on a girl diagnosed as having Pierre Robin syndrome.
1) Audibility and visual acuity were normal, but verbal articulation was rarely ovident.
2) Roentgenological examination indicated several finger-like indentations in the skull, the abnormal development (i. e. hypoplasia) of the mandibular joint region and the formation of mandibular ramus abnormally proportioned.
3) There was no cleft palate but the bifid uvual and incomplete closing of the nasapharynx were seen.
4) Examination of the occlusion disclosed an anterior open bite, distal deviation of the mandible in the molar region and a narrow mandibular arch. The patient disclosed palate was elevated.
5) Mineralization of second molars, second molars and third molars in the upper and lower jaw were not seen.

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Odontodysplasia is a rare developmental anomaly in tooth formation found in young children. This disease is characterized by the malformation and hypocalcification of both the enamel and dentin, asymmetrically and locally. Rushton (1965) named it “Ghost teeth” because it showed a ghost-like appearance reontgenografically.100 cases have been reported in the world, and there are also a few reports in Japan. The causes remain unknown. This paper described a case report of Odontodysplasia in a boy 3 years and 4 months old with a chief complaint of hyperplastic gingiva, at the site of the lower right second premolar gingiva.
The findings were as follows:

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Oral management of a girl with regional odontodysplasia was attempted through the period of the primary dentition to the permanent dentition, between the ages of 2 years 9 months and 13 years 9 months, for a total of 11 years. All of the mandibular left primary teeth and the successional permanent teeth exhibited odontodysplasia. The mandibular left first molar was suspected of odontodysplasia.
1) Radiographically, the teeth showed the typical ghostlike appearance.
2) The contact microradiographic view of the mandibular left primary lateral incisor showed hypocalcified enamel, wave shaped enamel surface and interglobularlike hypocalcified dentin.
3) At the first oral examination, the mandibular left primary molars showed periostitis and these teeth were extracted.
4) At the time of the extraction of the primary molars, the coronal hard tissues of the mandibular left primary canine was fractured upon contact with a dental forceps and the pulp was exposed. Pulpotomy, root canal filling and amalgam filling were performed. However, the tooth showed bad prognosis and was extracted after 1 month.
5) The mandibular left primary incisors were restored with composite resin crowns. After 10 months, the primary central incisor was extracted by the abscess formation. After 3 years, the dental germ of the mandibular left lateral incisor showed inflammatory symptoms and both of the primary and permanent lateral incisors were extracted.
6) The mandibular left central incisor was restored with composite resin crown. After 5 years, apical periodontitis was observed by means of X-ray view.
7) The mandibular left first molar was restored with composite resin filling. The prognosis was good and no symptom appeared.
8) By 13 years and 9 months of age, the mandibular left canine and premolars had not erupted.
9) A denture type space retainer was constructed on the extracted or unerupted tooth area through the period of the primary dentition to the permanent dentition.
10) The analysis of the plaster models and the cephalometric radiograms showed normal growth and development of the dental arch, alveolar, jaw and skull of the patient. A deviation of the midline of the dental arch was not observed.

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Fifty five cases of mucoceles in children were treated at the Pedodontic Clinic of Niigata University Dental Hospital during a period of 14 years and 10months from September 1979 to June 1994. These cases were clinico-histopathologically investigated.
The results were as follows:
1) The patients consisted of 23 males and 32 females. The age of the patients ranged from 1 year and 2 months to 14 years and 10 months. There was a peak during the period from 5 to 9 years of age.
2) Twenty eight patients came with swelling of the oral mucosa as their chief complaints and others complained of dental caries, malocclusion, traumatic injury of the teeth, and so on.
3) Thirty seven cases occured in the lower lip,9 in the tongue,7 in the floor of mouth,1 in the upper lip and 1 in the cheek.
4) Most of the lesions of the lower lip and tongue were less than 5 mm in diameter, while most lesions of the floor of mouth were over 6 mm.
5) During the period of the eruption of permanent lower incisors, mucoceles in the lower lip showed a tendency to change the site of occurrence from midline to distal with tooth eruption.
6) Thirty mucoceles were excised,4 were marsupialized and 21 were observed (left untreated and followed up). Four out of 34 cases treated surgically experienced recurrence while in seventeen out of 21 untreated cases the mucoceles disappered after rupture.
7) Histopathologically, all of the cases were involved mucoceles of extravasation. Ten cases had “Schleimgranulom”,7 had cystic spaces surrounded by a wall of granulation tissue and 3 had organized granulation tissue.

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