1. Bei Kastration an Hengsten kann man eine zuverlässige Unempfindlichkeit des Operationsfeldes erhalten, indem man dort 16-20ccm 1%ige Kokainadrenalinlösung von 4 Einstichpunkten injiziert.
2. Durch die gut gelungene Samenstranginjektion wird das Hineinziehen des Hodens in den Leistenkanal beim Ergreifen oder nach Freilegung desselben beseitigt.
3. Die Lokalanästhesierung ist für jede Kastration mit unbedecktem Hoden empfehlenswert.
4. Die Lokalanästhesierung für Kastration ist am stehenden Pferde mit einem aufgehobenen Hinterfusse ausführbar.
5. Durch die Anwendung von Lokalanästhesie kann man das Sträuben des Tiers bei der Operation beseitigen und die daraus entstehenden Nachteile wohl vermeiden.

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Studies in acidosis have recently made a remarkable progress and many valuable reports in connection with it have already been published. The subject is, as is widely known, of great interest both from a physiological and pathological point of view. It would be of no benefit, however, to describe here what acidosis is or what kinds of researches have hitherto been made on the subject. For three years I have devoted myself to the study of this subject with the view of finding out its practical value in veterinary science.
As a first step in my experiments, I have measured the CO₂ content of horse blood plasma by means of VAN SLYKE'S method which was pulished in 1917 and is now generally recommended as the best method for diagnosing acidosis.
The blood used for my experiments was obtained from the jugular vein of the horse, care being taken in doing so not to allow the blood to come in contact with the air. According to the studies of STADI and VAN SLYKE, it is not necessary, for the measurement of the CO₂ content, to saturate the venous blood with CO₂, at the same tension as in alveolar air, if the blood is drawn from a vein without any stasis. The venous blood employed in my experiments, therefore, is not subjected to any process which was to be carried out for the purpose of saturating the blood with CO₂.
The results obtained from a number of experiments are as follows:
(1) CO₂, content of blood-plasma in the normal horse.
Experiments in 30 horses (military) show that the CO₂, content of blood-plasma varies from 72.1 to 52.8 vol %, that is, 62.6 vol % on the average.
It must be noticed here that even in one and the same horse there is a difference between the CO₂ content measured in the morning and that obtained in the evening.
(2) CO₂, content of blood-plasma in the horse under abnormal conditions.
(a) Fatigue.
In horses which have taken a run of about 390km, the CO₂, content has fallen below normal, all of them being in a condition of acidosis; the content of CO₂, in 8 tired horses averages 47.0 vol % (53.2-38.1). Comparing the condition of some excessively tired horses with that of horses in a state of slight fatigue, I have found that the CO₂, content in blood-plasma, that is, the lowered alkaline reserve, decreases according to the degree of fatigue, so the blood-plasma of the most severely tired horse contains the least volume of CO₂.
(b) Podophyllitis, colic, influenza pectoralis, and morbus maculosus.
In podophyllitis caused by severe exercise, the CO₂ content of blood plasma decreases considerably. An examination of the blood-plasma obtained from 7 horses suffering from an attack of podophyllitis showed that the CO₂ content averages 54.1 vol %, which means that almost all of them were in a condition of acidosis.
It is no unusual matter to find acidosis is proved in a case of severe colic. According to my measurements, the CO₂ content of the blood-plasma taken from a horse which has been suffering from colic so severely that he died several hours later, was 32.7 vol %.
In influenza pectoralis I have found that the CO₂ content of the blood-plasma is 27.1 vol % in its severe form and 50.0 vol % when mild.
The blood-plasma taken from a horse affected with morbus maculosus contains 45.7 vol. % of CO₂.
(3) Chlorine and phosgen gas poisoning.
In a room which was tightly shut up, a horse was exposed for 10 minutes to chlorine gas, the concentration of which was 0.2 vol. ‰. The CO₂ content of the blood-plasma taken from the animal decreased from 67.3% to 49.4%, and when the blood concentration increased to its maximum the symptom of pulmonary oedema was most remarkable.

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The broth used as the basis of various culture-media for bacteria does not contain so much protein as to meet the demand of the pathogenic bacteria for nitrogen and a certain amount of peptone should, therefore, be added to it. MARTIN recommended a process of meat digestion with the addition of pepsin while HOTTINGER used pancreatin for the same purpose; they obtained a broth with so much peptone that no addition of commercial peptone was required, but these methods are somewhat complex and require much time.
Recently the author devised a very simple method to prepare a broth rich in peptone, obtaining a good result by the use of papain, a vegetable digestive ferment, for the digestion of meat Papain acts most energetically at 85°C, unlike pepsin and trypsin, and its action is complete in a few minutes, disappearing at a temperature of nearly 100°C. The process is as follows:
1. For general use. Mix one pound of horse-flesh or beef with one litre of water; add 1.5gr. of papain and boil the mixture over the fire or in KOCH'S steam sterilizer. As the temperature of the mixture passes 85°C, 70% of the protein of the meat will be transformed into peptone. Filter and wash the residue with water; mix the filtrate and the water used in washing the residue; fill up to 3 litres by adding water; add 30gr. of sodium chloride. In the filtrate thus prepared is contained about 2% of peptone.
2. For preparing materials for immunization. The process is similar to that just described above, but the quantity of papain should be reduced to 1/3 and the total amount of the broth up to one litre. In this case the protein digested is as much as 40% and the content of peptone in the broth as mounts to about 5, 4%.

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(1) Vacu-form apparatus (S. K. Type disinfection apparatus) is good for the disinfection of animal-hairs.
(2) The hairs disinfected with this apparatus are comparatively uninjured.
(3) I believe that the practice of disinfecting animal-hairs. at the quarantine stations will be attended with good results.

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[in Japanese]

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1. Calves subjected to a natural infection proved to be immune against subcutaneous inoculation of virulent blood carried out 20-34 days after their recovery. To determine the duration of the immunity produced by the natural infection further investigations are necessary.
2. Subcutaneous inoculation of blood, saliva, vesicular content, and emulsion of spleen and lymphatic gland from an infected animal produced the disease in the calves experimented on. The minimum dose of virulent blood for a calf was 2c.c.
3. The blood-serum taken from the animal recovered from one attack of this disease was found to have a protective action which can be intensified by repeated injections of the virulent blood (100, 500, 1000c.c.)
4. The period of incubation in this disease is sometimes as short as 24 hours. To test, therefore, the protective action of an immune serum, injection of serum first and of virus one or two days later is preferable to the injection of both at the same time.
5. The animals treated with the immune serum in a dose of 0, 53c.c. per kilo body-weight proved to be immune against injection of 10c.c. of virulent blood carried out 3 weeks later. To determine the relation between the dose of serum and the duration of immunity further investigations are necessary.

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