Annual Report of The Kansai Plant Protection Society
Online ISSN : 1883-6291
Print ISSN : 0387-1002
ISSN-L : 0387-1002
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Volume 54
Displaying 1-49 of 49 articles from this issue
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Original Articles
  • Survivability of Ralstonia solanacearum against salt stress
    Makoto Shinohara, Kazuki Fujiwara, Chihiro Aoyama
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 1-6
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.1
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    Ralstonia solanacearum, causing bacterial wilt disease, just after culturing in medium could not be detected in 35 g/L saline solution from 2 days after addition. After keeping R. solanacearum in sterile water for more than 1 month at 25°C, the pathogen survived in 35 g/L saline solution for more than 10 days. For killing the salt-tolerant pathogen, it is necessary to bring it into higher concentrate saline solution. The addition of sugar (glucose or sucrose) into 35 g/L saline solution killed the salt-tolerant pathogen within 4 days. Furthermore, the addition of acids (citric acid or acetic acid), alkali (sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate) or surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) into 35 g/L saline solution resulted in killing the salt-tolerant pathogen within 1 day. Especially, addition of 20 mg/L sodium carbonate into saline solution was sufficient to kill the salt-tolerant pathogen within 1 day.
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  • Efficacy of fungicides in the control of Pseudocercospora fuligena on tomato
    Hiromi Taguchi, Hirofumi Suzuki, Katsutoshi Kuroda
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 7-12
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.7
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    We examined the fungicidal effects of 16 fungicides on Pseudocercospora fuligena by examining spore growth in a spore suspension on tomato. One-tenth of the registered concentration of TPN, cymoxanil plus TPN, and azoxystrobin plus TPN completely controlled spore growth and showed high fungicidal activity. We also examined the fungicidal effect of TPN, polyoxin, iminoctadine albesilate, and azoxystrobin on Pseudocercospora fuligena on tomato by spraying a field at 14-day intervals. On the basis of our findings and the assumption that the environment would be less suitable for disease and the likelihood of infection would be reduced, we recommend that TPN, alone or in combination, or iminoctadine albesilate be sprayed preventively at 14-day intervals from the initial incidence of Pseudocercospora fuligena.
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  • Effects of pesticides on Neoseiulus womersleyi populations collected from wild vegetation surrounding chrysanthemum fields in Nara Prefecture
    Yoshinori Kunimoto, Hiroki Izumoto, Hiroyuki Hozumi, Taiki Sakai, Kohe ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 13-16
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.13
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    Effects of pesticide, including 18 insecticides, 3 fungicides and one herbicide, sprayed frequently by chrysanthemum growers on populations of Neoseiulus womersleyi collected from wild vegetations surrounding chrysanthemum fields in Nara Prefecture were investigated in the laboratory to aim at using N. womersleyi as a biological control agent.
    Acephate, prothiofos, fipronil and tolfenpyrad were fatally toxic to adult females of N. womersleyi. More than 80% of adult females died after treatment with spinosad, milbemectin, emamectin and imidacloprid. However, more than 90% of adult females survived after treatment with pyridalyl, glyphosate-potassium, bifenazate and lufenuron.
    Prothiofos was also fatally toxic to eggs of N. womersleyi. More than 85% of eggs died during the immature stages after treatments with tolfenpyrad, fipronil, spinosad and acephate. Pyridalyl, lufenuron and glyphosate-potassium were much less toxic to eggs of N. womersleyi. However, 51.1% of eggs died after the treatment with bifenazate which was harmless to adult females.
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  • Root rot of China doll (Radermacheria sinica) by 3 causal fungi
    Mamoru Satou, Yoko Ito, Yoshiaki Chikuo, Yosuke Matsushita, Kazuteru Y ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 17-20
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.17
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    An unknown disease of China doll (Radermacheria sinica) was found in Ise city, Mie Prefecture, Japan in July 2007. The causal agents were identified as Fusarium solani, Phytophthora nicotianae and binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. We propose the new disease as Fusarium rot, Phytophthora rot and Rhizoctonia rot of China doll, respectively.
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  • Eradication of Rosellinia necatrix Prillieux on Japanese apricot by soil solarization
    Ko Shimazu, Masashi Hishiike
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 21-27
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.21
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    White root rot fungus, (Rosellinia necatrix Prillieux) was eliminated from both naturally infected root segments and inoculated shoot segments buried in non-sterilized soil when the soil temperature was maintained at 35°C for 12 hours per day for 4 days. At a soil temperature of 32°C, 7 days were required for the elimination of the fungus from shoot segments. In a Japanese apricot orchard located in the southern area of Wakayama Prefecture, Minabe-cho, Hidaka-gun, Japan, the effects of solarization on the eradication of R. necatrix in mulched soil on vinyl sheets (3×3 m) were evaluated for 2 months from late July in 2006, 2007, and 2008. The pathogen, which was inoculated into shoot segments buried at depths of up to 80 cm at the center of the site and at depths of up to 60 cm at a distance of 110 cm from the center of the site was eliminated after 2 months of solarization, although the rate of elimination was lower at the edge of the site. The depth of shoots in the soil almost eliminated the pathogen when soil temperature above 32°C was recorded for at least 7 consecutive days. In contrast, the pathogen was not eliminated when the temperature of the soil was observed to be not above 32°C for at least 7 consecutive days; thus, the integration time of the soil temperature can estimate the success of elimination of the pathogen. Therefore, in areas that, in summer, show weather conditions similar to those of the orchard in which this field experiment was performed, soil solarization may be effective in the eradication of white root rot fungus in soil at the plot from which the affected Japanese apricot tree was removed.
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  • A case study of Ceratocystis canker epidemic in relation with Euwallacea interjectus infestation
    Takeshige Morita, Hirokazu Hara, Daisaku Mise, Shota Jikumaru
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 29-34
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.29
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    The expansion of Ceratocystis canker in fig and soil contamination with Ceratocystis ficicola was examined in relation with the infestation of the beetle, Euwallacea interjectus. This study involved an area spanning 14 fig fields in Onomichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture, that were free from the disease by 2005. In 2006, E. interjectus infestation was first detected in the study area. Subsequently, the field-level infestation and mortality rates increased and reached 64.2% and 21.4%, respectively, in 2010. After E. interjectus infestation, the tree-level infestation and mortality rates increased in each fig field. The maximum infestation and mortality rates of the fig trees in the fields were 87.8% and 45.2%, respectively, after 3 or 4 years of the first infestation of the beetle. C. ficicola were recovered from the xylem of all the trees with E. interjectus infestation. Soil contamination with C. ficicola around the fig-stem portion with E. interjectus infestation tended to be high. The xylem and soil near the trees without E. interjectus infestation were free of C. ficicola. Another laboratory experiment showed that E. interjectus adults from Hiroshima Prefecture were found to carry C. ficicola, and the frass obtained from the E. interjectus gallery was also contaminated with C. ficicola. These results indicated that the damage of Ceratocystis canker became severe in the fig fields when E. interjectus carrying C. ficicola spread in the fields. Distribution of E. interjectus in each fig production area in Japan should be confirmed. Future studies would focus on developing an effective and simple control method for E. interjectus.
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  • Effects of an antimicrobial treatment with silver-zeorite containing polymer of expanded polystyrene panel in hydroponics
    Shin’ich Kusakari, Shinya Morikawa, Keiko Kaetsu, Yoshikazu Nishiyama, ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 35-40
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.35
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    Transplanting panel of hydroponics treated with silver zeolite containing polymer emulsion prevented root incursion and algae growth on transplanting panel. Algae growth on expanded polystyrene transplanting panel was inhibited by a coating treatment with silver-zeolite containing polymer emulsion. Treatment of 800 ppm of silver zeolite containing polymer emulsion was more effective than 400 ppm of silver-zeolite containing polymer emulsion for the suppression of the algae growth on panels. Silver-zeolite containing polymer emulsion also prevented incursion of mitsuba root incursion to the expanded polystyrene transplanting panel. Growth suppression was not found on mitsuba seedlings transplanted on silver-zeolite conteinning polymer emulsion treatment of the expanded polystyrene transplanting panel. Microorganism populations decreased significantly surface of the panel treated by the silver-zeolite containing polymer emulsion, while they had no effect in the hydroponics cultural solution.
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  • Can ants visiting extrafloral nectaries of the yardlong bean, Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis, protect the legume seeds from stink bugs?
    Akihito Ozawa
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 41-45
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.41
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    The yardlong bean Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc (cv. Jyuroku-sasage) has extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract ants. The efficacy of ants visiting EFNs of the yardlong bean as a guard against stink bugs that attack the legume seeds was evaluated by field observation and experiments. The number of ants visiting the EFNs at the base of a legume was not associated with the legume length; the EFNs attract ants during all stages of legume growth. Ant species included Formica japonica Motschulsky and Pristomyrmex punctatus Smith, with the former being predominant. Diurnal activities of ants (F. japonica) visiting EFNs and stink bugs (3 species) attacking the legumes were investigated during 3 days in summer. While the number of ants increased during the day and decreased at night, the number of stink bugs exhibited the reverse pattern. The frequency of stink bugs on legumes with ants was one-third of that seen on legumes without ants. We tested 4 treatments: (1) excluding ants from legumes, (2) applying honey to legumes, (3) aphid colony on legumes, and (4) control. I found that the number of stink bugs was the highest on the ant-excluded legumes and the lowest on the honey-treated ones. These results suggest that ants visiting EFNs serve as a guard against stink bugs that attack the legumes; the efficacy of this protection depends on the diurnal activities of the ants.
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  • Contact transmission of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid through root
    Shiro Fukuta, Sachiko Kuwayama, Tetsuji Hirano, Hiromi Hattori, Yasuno ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 47-51
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.47
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    Chrysanthemum stunt disease is one of the most serious diseases in chrysanthemum. In this study, possibility of contact transmission of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) through root was investigated. CSVd free chrysanthemum plants were cultured for three months in contact with the root of chrysanthemum plants infected with CSVd. As a result, CSVd was detected from 4.2-8.3% of CSVd free plants. Furthermore, when chrysanthemum plants were cultured in seedbeds more closely, the infection rate increased. CSVd was detected in 35-65% of chrysanthemum plants tested in the contact on and under the ground, 10-40% in the contact on the ground, and 10-20% in the contact under the ground. Injection of D-D or solarization was effective to prevent the infection of CSVd by killing plant roots.
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  • A system to control Glomerella cingulata on strawberry by using fungicides on the basis of their residual activity
    Hiromi Taguchi, Hirofumi Suzuki, Katsutoshi Kuroda
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 53-59
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.53
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    We selected effective fungicides from twelve fungicides registered for use against Glomerella cingulata on strawberry by determining their control effects when applied to strawberry seedlings prior to the seedlings being inoculated with Glomerella cingulata. The control effects of manzeb, propineb, and captan were high on strawberry seedlings inoculated with Glomerella cingulata at 7 days after application of the fungicides in 2010 and 2011. In 2010, the control effects of azoxystrobin and ordano­copper were high, and in 2011 the control effect of fludioxonil was also high. Of the fungicides tested, only fludioxonil was effective when Glomerella cingulata was inoculated 10 days after fungicide application.
    The most effective control system in field tests was 7-day-interval application of manzeb, propineb, captan, and ordanocopper; the rate of withering-to-death of stock 27 days after last fungicide application was the lowest with the 7-day-interval application of fungicides. On the basis of these results, we recommend the 7-day-interval application of manzeb, propineb, or captan plus ordanocopper, and the application of fludioxonil as an adaptable control, as a control system for Glomerella cingulata on strawberry.
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  • Identification and Characterization of Brown Rot on Import Carambola Caused by Fusarium proliferatum in Shanghai
    Tao Lin, Chenghua Zhang, Pinkuan Zhu, Ling Xu, Teruo Nonomura, Yoshino ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 61-66
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.61
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    Imported carambolas in Shanghai market frequently suffer from brown rot disease, causing severe loss of commercial values. To clarify the causal pathogens, market disease surveys were conducted and the possible fungal pathogens were isolated from infected carambolas imported from Taiwan district, USA and Thailand. A new disease symptom has been found on USA carambolas, that is dark brown decay spot between peduncle and pedicel, with white molds attached and brown areas formed on the edge of the fruits. The isolated pathogen was named EXYL-1 and further identified via morphological and molecular characteristics. The aerial mycelium of EXYL-1 appeared white, produced some reddish to purple pigment and adhered to microconidium. Optimal temperature for the hyphal growth was 20-25°C. Together with the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions and specific gene sequences, this pathogen EXYL-1 has been identified as Fusarium proliferatum.
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  • Insecticide toxicity on two populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected from cucumber and eggplant rotation greenhouse in Osaka Prefecture
    Manabu Shibao, Hiroshi Tanaka
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 67-69
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.67
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    The effects of eleven insecticides on the survival of two populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny collected from cucumber in October, 2006 and eggplant in February, 2007 in the same greenhouse in Osaka Prefecture were examined using a broad bean leaf dipping method under the laboratory condition. The mortality was high at clothianidin and emamectin benzoate, and was low at spinosad and chlorfenapyr on both cucumber and eggplant populations. The toxicity of most insecticides except thiamethoxiam accorded with the two populations of the thrips.
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  • Seed transmission of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid in chrysanthemums
    Hiromi Hattori, Yasunori Nakamura, Tetsuji Hirano, Shiro Fukuta, Sachi ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 71-75
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.71
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    Chrysanthemum stunt is one of the most serious diseases of chrysanthemums. We investigated the transmission of chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) in chrysanthemum seeds by infecting parental plants with low and high CSVd concentrations. Seedlings(%) infected with a high CSVd concentration was between 34% and 82% when either of the parent was infected with a high CSVd concentration, and these ratios were 6% when both the parents were infected with a low CSVd concentration.
    Infected seedlings with high-concentration of CSVd were grafted onto CSVd free“piato”and “Seiaishisu-pink” with low-concentration of CSVd. After 2 months, CSVd was detected by RT-LAMP in all grafted chrysanthemums. In the CSVd detected plants, “Seiaishisu-pink”, the plant height was shorter, their leaves were smaller, and the attitude of petioles was very strongly upwards, than those of control. CSVds of infected seedlings had high infectivity and pathogenicity, and they were transmitted through seeds and pollen grains of chrysanthemums.
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  • Control of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) by using the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in a tomato greenhouse with a negative-pressure forced ventilation system
    Keitaro Sugiyama, Naoki Ooishi, Tsutomu Saito, Hideki Moriya
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 77-81
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.77
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    The whitefly Bemisia tabaci population was controlled in a tomato greenhouse with a negative-pressure forced ventilation (NFV) system by using the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus from August to November. The NFV system was used in combination with a fine mesh-sized insect-proof screen, and a wind speed velocity of approximately 1 m/s was used. Similar experiments were performed in a greenhouse with natural ventilation (NV). In September, the mean temperature in the NFV greenhouse was 0.9-1.6°C lower than that in the NV greenhouse. By early- and mid-November, the number of parasitoids and the rate of parasitism in the NFV greenhouse were comparable to that in the NV greenhouse. By mid- and late-October, the number of B. tabaci adults and nymphs in the NFV greenhouse were comparable to that in the NV greenhouse. These findings suggest that the searching behavior and the development of parasitoids were not affected by the ventilation and that E. eremicus can successfully control whiteflies in an NFV greenhouse.
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  • The actual situation of agricultural chemicals on products shipped to the farmers' market and natural enemies in fields to supply agricultural products
    Hiroshi Ueyama
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 83-88
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.83
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    The actual situation of agricultural chemicals used on products shipped to a farmers' market in Kyoto Prefecture was investigated. Of the product investigated, the products not used agricultural chemicals was 71.7%, while products of 24.5% used insecticide. The insecticides used were primarily organophosphorus and neonicotinoid compounds.
    Insect pests and their natural enemies were investigated in two cucumber and two eggplant fields that shipped to the farmer's market. In the cucumber fields, species of aphid and thrips pests were found, while six species (Orius spp. and arachnid.) were observed. In the eggplant fields, insect pests included species of aphid, thrips, spider mite, and larvae of the twenty-eight-spotted ladybird. Four to five species (Orius spp. and arachnid.) constituted the natural enemies.
    The developmental patterns of insect pest species and the populations of their natural enemies may change with the weather, the kind of crops currently grown, and the environment around the edges of the fields.
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  • Seasonal fluctuation in the number of catches of an adult cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by a pheromone trap
    Toshihiro Sunaike, Ayako Nishihama, Yoshiko Ioku, Yoshitsugu Nasu, Kiy ...
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 89-92
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.89
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    The pheromone trap catch of Helicoverpa armigera was investigated during the period of April-December in Habikino (1996-2007 and 2010-11), Kishiwada (2000-11) and Yao (2000-11) in Osaka prefecture. The male moths were caught from early April to late December and the peak catches were detected during the period of September-October. In the past 4 years, 2008-11, more moths have been caught than during the period of 1996-2007.
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  • Control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by a 4-mm mesh net in a green pepper field
    Masahiro Iguchi, Fusako Fukushima, Kazuki Miura
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 93-97
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.93
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    Adult males and females of Helicoverpa armigera could not go through the 4-mm mesh net on the laboratory experiment. Then, the suppressing effect of a 4-mm mesh net on the occurrence of H. armigera was investigated in a green pepper field. The number of adult males attracted to sex pheromone traps in the site covered by a net was less than those in the site without a net. In addition, the number of green pepper fruits injured by larvae in the site covered by a net was less than those in the site without a net. Accordingly, a 4-mm mesh net was effective in suppressing the occurrence of H. armigera in a green pepper field.
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  • Suppressive effect of Orius spp. (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) on the population density of thrips on green pepper plants covered by a 4-mm mesh net in open field
    Masahiro Iguchi, Fusako Fukushima, Kazuki Miura
    2012 Volume 54 Pages 99-104
    Published: 2012
    Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2012
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps.54.99
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    On green pepper plants in open field, thrips increased from the middle of June, whereas, Orius spp. increased in early July. When Orius spp. increased, thrips decreased. Thrips and Orius spp. occured on the plants covered by a 4-mm mesh net, as well as on the plants without a net. It seemed that Orius spp. suppressed thrips population density, on green pepper plants covered by a 4-mm mesh net in open field.
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