The objective of the symposium was to discuss the role of advocacy for continuity and transfer of research results after action research and to deepen the understanding of the mutual relationship and role of the two in terms of social implementation of evidence.

After two researchers introduced case studies on action research and intervention research, we discussed the role of advocacy while highlighting the key points for the continuation of projects after research and transferability to other communities. The case studies presented were action research that aimed to create a healthy community led by residents, community intervention research in collaboration with local government and residents that intend to improve physical activity, and social intervention research in collaboration with companies. The usefulness of action research as a method was confirmed for the continuation of projects after the research. Advocacy activities should target not only residents and government officials but also council members.

In conclusion, action research is an excellent method for advocating organizational and social change. The Plan-Do-Check-Action cycle, in which researchers and frontline stakeholders collaborate, will lead to the continuation of activities. To facilitate the transferability of the results of action research to other communities, increasing research findings and developing human resources who can utilize such results are necessary actions.

In recent years, many studies have focused on central sensitization (CS) in chronic pain and various accompanying symptoms of unknown cause both in Japan and overseas. CS is an abnormality in the pain pathway from the body to the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex (primary somatosensory cortex), resulting in the perception of mild stimuli that are not normally painful as intensely painful stimuli with a spreading pain. Pain associated with central sensitization is hypersensitive to bright light, touch, noise, and temperature (low and high), and is often accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbance, and difficulty in concentrating. Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, temporomandibular joint disorder, restless legs syndrome, headache disorders, and other disorders are associated with central sensitization. On the other hand, knowledge of CS is not yet widespread in Japan. First, this article describes the relationship of central sensitization to the neurological disorders such as restless legs syndrome and migraine. Next, we reported the prevalence of symptoms and related factors of central sensitization based on epidemiological studies performed in the general population.

Most people know what they should do to be healthy. The aim of health education is, not only to deliver information to make each healthily. The professionals are fond of high-risk approach, early detection, early education, early treatment, and the population approach, approach to the risk widely diffused throughout the whole population, is weak or not done. Why can’t the people with enough knowledge practice healthy behavior. This is the risk, which health education must approach by population approach.

Communication is the base of personnel training. Visual information makes you feel you have understood it, but auditory information grows up your imagination, and remains in each’s memory. As the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology mentions, dialogical education is necessary, even in health education. The final goal is not only to provide accurate information, but to capture the recipient’s heart, so each of the recipients accept their real problem, risk, and to realize what each can do to be healthy in the end. To be able to do so, the educator must catch each recipient’s heart and trust. Health education is not only a catch ball between the educator and the recipient, but a stage to build the base of social capital, which means that each recipient can feel the 3 factors of social capital, generalized trust, norms of reciprocity, network of civic engagement.

P-value-based statistical hypothesis testing is widely used as one of the major statistical analysis methods in many scientific fields. However, in recent years, the essential problems of this method have been identified. In 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) issued a warning against the improper use and misinterpretation of P-values.

The basic idea of statistical hypothesis testing in common use today was developed by Fisher in the 1920s and 1930s and later formulated by Neyman and Pearson. One of the central concepts in this statistical hypothesis test is the P-value. Despite some inherent flaws in statistical hypothesis testing based on P-values, it remains a very useful method for researchers and statisticians. At present, it cannot be said that a powerful statistical method to replace this has been established. Therefore, when using statistical hypothesis testing, it is desirable to deepen the understanding of this method, pay attention to improper use and misinterpretation, and adopt a method that compensates for its shortcomings as much as possible.