This article presents 1) a critical review of literature on psychoooccal impact of facial disfigurement and 2) recommendations for future research. A search of the literature was performed on Ovid MEDLINE and Web of Science using“facial disfigurement”as a key word. Reference lists were screened for studies that presented scientific evidence. Based on a biological-psychological-social model, findings were classified into physical, psychological and social areas. In the physical area, there has been found a conceptual shift towards the study of facial disfigurement as a phenomenon independent of etiology. Age of disfigurement onset, length of time after the onset and severity of the disease does not always predict the psychological impact. Further examination of the impact in each developmental stage is needed. In the psychological area, most of the studies support deterioration of psychological well being among people with facial disfigurement. Therefore, interventions and assistance are required to promote psychological health. In the social area, facially disfigured people are exposed to a variety of stigmatizing situations, which is associated with deterioration of psychological health. However, studies to date lack understandings of patient-doctor relationships and practical suggestion to ameliorate stigmatization. As a non-adaptive coping strategy, avoidance and concealment has been attracted growing academic attention. Although high level of social support often predicts positive psychological adaptation, its structure of association remains to be revealed in detail. Future research particularly needs to address familial relationships and support from a life cycle perspective.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of effective peer-led, school-based sex education programs for middle and high school students in Japan, highlighting training programs for peer educators, peer-led sex education programs and methods for evaluating such programs. The training programs were aimed at nursing and medical students with basic knowledge obtained in classes related to sex, and were designed to prepare the students to teach sex education. This preparation included instructional techniques for sex education. University students who are studying to become health and physical education or school nursing teachers should also be trained, because it requires knowledge of education to implement sex education. Objectives of the sex education programs were to improve knowledge and attitudes regarding sexual health issues. Peer educators played role models for middle and high school students during discussions in the sex education programs. That element is the remarkable feature of the program and it should be actively used as a supplement to teacher-delivered sex education. A post-test design without a control group was selected to evaluate some peer-led sex education programs and questionnaires were also used in the evaluation. A research design including a quasi-experimental approach should be discussed in the school setting.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the interest of health behavior and cognition of health problem for community in different physical activity level using exercise behavioral stage (EBS)
The subjects in this study were recruited with questionnaire from a districted area, in which 1076 adults dwelled. Out of total 1076, 706 (65.5%) responded the questionnaire, which consisted of the level of interest for health behavior (IHB), the cognition of health problems (CHP), and EBS. In addition to general interest, the specific strategies were investigated. The CHP consisted of 16 items classified into four categories using factor analysis; i.e. cognitive symptom, physical symptom, medical symptom and clinical symptom. The subjects divided into three groups based on EBS (PC, C+P and A+M)
Population of PC was lower interest in general health than higher stage of EBS. They did not have much specific strategies for health, either. However, they recognized health problems, similar to higher stage of TTM. So, characteristics of PC was that cognition of health problem was same level as higher stage of TTM, but lower interested in general health nor could not translate into action toward health.
Incidentally, high ratio of PC population was interested in nutrition and rest instead of exercise. Therefore if we made an intervention program which consists of not exercise but nutrition, rest, and other health related information for raising consciousness toward improving population's health, population who was not interested in exercise participated in the program.

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The purpose of this study was to explore relationship between health-related behavior and health locus of control in company employees using the health locus of control scale.
The participants are 437 employees, randomly sampled throughout 959 employees in a company.
Employees were asked to complete questionnaires from August to September 2001.
The results showed as follows; 1) The managerial class included HLC-internals more than any other class. 2) HLC-internals had a more active health-related behavior than did HLC-externals in company employees. 3) Health Locus of Control was more related with health-related behavior than any other employees' attributes in company employees.

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The purpose of this study is to develop the new educational model applying scenario study (PBL method) in public health education, and to investigate the learning process of the participants into the salt restriction class held in I village in Aomori Prefecture.
Subjects are 30 people in the class above mentioned. Subjects' statements were recorded by the way of participant observation. Their learning processes were analyzed qualitatively.
As a result of the analysis on the learning processes in each stages, learning processes could be divided into following types: the abstraction of some problems which a character in the scenario has, the abstraction of common points between scenario and subjects themselvs, the creation of some solution to the problems, subjects' concrete targets in daily life from now, the self-evaluation and the reflection about the degree of targets' achievement, some ideas through the whole classes, and so on.
As a conclusion, through this scenario study (PBL method), self-directed learning process by the participants was observed by us the researchers. As capital result, in the learning process, based on the scenario, and also, under the support by tutor, participants could call their own enthusiasm to try the salt restriction. Through this method, the spirit of self-directed learning and the ability of problem solving were cultivated into each participant.

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