Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a Preventive Behavioral Intention Scale for sexually transmitted infections on Japanese university students(PBIS).
Methods: In the first survey, 335 Japanese university students(male=177, female=158) were distributed a questionnaire composed of socio-demographical items (sex, age, sexual intercourse experience, frequency of condom use) and 7 items of the PBIS. These 7 items were derived from the Sexual Risks Scale (DeHart & Birkimer,1997) which were translated English into Japanese. In the second survey, 422 Japanese university students (male=136, female=286) were distributed a questionnaire composed of socio-demographical items and 5 items of the PBIS which was newly developed based on the results of the first survey. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Stepwise factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha reliability analysis, Omega reliability analysis, Multiple-group analysis were conducted in developing the PBIS. Further, a simple linear regression analysis was also conducted to examine the relationship between PBIS and condom use behavior.
Results: The results showed that PBIS had one factor solution with 5 items with satisfactory reliability (alpha=0.829, omega=0.829) and structural validity (GFI=0.981, AGFI=0.945, CFI=0.981, RMSEA=0.084). The result of the Multiple-group analysis confirmed the factor invariance between male and female. The score of PBIS was positively correlated with the condom use behavior (R²=0.321).
Conclusion: These results suggested that PBIS is possible to assess preventive behavioral intention for sexually transmitted infections. This scale is useful scale to evaluate an effect of the protective education for Japanese university students who have not experienced sexual behavior yet.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore 1) barriers of physical activity, 2) barriers of healthy eating behavior and 3) strategies to prevent metabolic syndrome for individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Methods: Data were collected from parents or staff from institutions providing for the intellectually disabled in an open-ended questionnaire. Valid data were collected from 59 participants who were living or working with the individuals with intellectual disabilities. Content analysis was performed with the KJ method (“card making” and “grouping and naming”) which was developed by Jiro Kawakita in Japan. Three co-workers (two public health nurses and one psychologist) summarized the barriers of physical activity or healthy eating behavior and strategies to prevent metabolic syndrome among the individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Results: Through the KJ method, twelve groups were categorized as barriers of physical activity, ten as barriers of healthy eating behavior, and fourteen as strategies to prevent metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the twelve barriers of physical activity were summarized as barriers relating to the people with intellectual disabilities (e.g. not being able to start physical activity), to the facilities (e.g. no facilities), and to the people assisting them (e.g. not a support person available). The ten barriers of healthy eating behavior were summarized as barriers relating to the people with intellectual disabilities (e.g. bad dietary balance) and to the people assisting them (e.g. not having a chance to educate the person with disability about diet). The 14 strategies to preventmetabolic syndrome were summarized as strategies relating to eating behavior (e.g. abstaining from snacks), to physical activity (e.g. walking), and other strategies (e.g. keeping logs).
Conclusion: To prevent metabolic syndrome among individuals with intellectual disabilities, it is important to break down the barriers to support physical activity and healthy eating behavior based on the results through the strategies on behavioral science.

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Objective: To examine the demographic characteristics, lifestyle and stage of coping behavior of each cluster classified adult men according to weight control self-efficacy.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaires.518men were participants for analysis in this study. The questionnaires included demographic characteristics, weight control self-efficacy, lifestyle, stage of coping behavior and knowledge about weight control,and perception of current weight. Cluster analysis was conducted by self-efficacy which was measured with 32 items using six sub-scales (food availability, social pressure, reward, negative feelings, hunger, and relaxation). Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests with multiple comparisons were used for examining the characteristics of each cluster
Results: We identified three clusters defined according to whether all subscale scores were high, close to average, or low. The body mass index of the low group (24.8kg/m²) was significantlyhigher than that of the average (23.7kg/m²) and high groups (23.2kg/m²) (low and average group: p=0.004, low and high group: p<0.001). The low group included more people with medical histories (72.3%) than did the high group (54.7%, p=0.003). Similarly, the men in the low group were more likely to have a undesirable lifestyle.
Conclusions: This study suggested that high self-efficacy is related to a preferable lifestyle and good health among men, and programs to improve weight control self-efficacy are needed.

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Objective: This study aimed to make clear the causal and structural relationships between physical, psychological, and social health factors and functional ability to go out for the urban elderly people over 75years of age in a city.
Methods: The questionnaire survey was conducted longitudinally to all 2,941 urban elderly residents aged from 75 to 79years old in 2006. Total number of 2,430peoples answered these questionnaire surveys. Total number of 1,758 residents replied to two investigations by the follow- up survey conducted in 2009. We analyzed their answers by using a covariance structure analysis.
Results: After the analysis of the survey, we got the latent variables, which were the functional ability to walk, fall risk, housebound risk and frequency of going out. These numbers indicated “the functional ability to go out”(“ ”means latent variable).“The functional ability to go out” would be significantly directly affected by“psychological health factor”.“Social health factor”would be significantly directly affected by the“psychological health factor”and“physical health factor”.“The functional ability to go out”would be directly affected by“physical health factor”in women with significance. While, men's“functional ability to go out”would be affected by“psychological health factor”with brsignificance.
Conclusion:“The functional ability to go out”would be directly affected by“physical health factor”in women with significance. While, men's“ functional ability to go out”would be affected by“psychological health factor”with significance.

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Objective: This study aimed to implement a psychological education program based on non-evaluative emotional experiences and studied the extent to which it reduced public self-consciousness.
Methods: The study involved 39 male/female vocational school students: 15 male participants (mean age of 19.5(SD 1.8))and 16 female participants (mean age of 18.9(SD 1.6)). And the public self-consciousness of the participants was examined. Based on the public self-consciousness scores of the participants, they were divided into high-score group with intervention, high-score group without intervention, and low-score group without intervention. We implemented the above program for the group with intervention. This group confirmed a change in public self-consciousness during the program period. In addition, the without intervention group confirmed one change during the same period.
Results: In the high-score group with intervention, the public self-consciousness scores reduced significantly post implementation (Z=2.44. p=0.015), and this reduction was maintained for one week thereafter (Z=2.26, p=0.024). However, in the high-score group without intervention and the low-score group without intervention, the public self-consciousness scores did not change during measurement (high-score group without intervention: x²₍₂₎=0.45, p=0.798; low-score group without intervention: x²₍₂₎=1.72, p=0.424).
Conclusion: This study suggests that high public self-consciousness could be reduced before and after the program and that the effects could be maintained for one week after the implementation.

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Objective: This study examined the characteristics of educators who had a few barriers with teaching practice in diet and nutrition education and the skills of educators who had many barriers for teaching.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using a self-administered survey with 1,627 diet and nutrition teachers and school dietitians in Tokyo, from November to December 2008. The survey included nine items on barriers related to teaching practice, scored on a four-point scale. Two groups were identified and compared, “educators with many barriers” and “educators with a few barriers”, for the characteristics and the needed skills.
Results: A multivariate logistic regression analysis of the two groups, divided based on total scores for barriers during teaching practice, identified three factors of“educators with a few barriers”: a teaching license for diet and nutrition (odds ratio (OR): 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-2.01), more than 15 years of experience as a school dietitian (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.95-3.38), and working in the elementary schools (OR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.04-1.82). In addition, the educators with many barriers needed improved education skills, such as teaching skills ( p<0.001), the ability to create teaching plans (p<0.001), and the ability to create programs for annual nutrition-education plans (p<0.001).
Conclusions: The results suggest that experience as a school dietitian, holding a teaching license for diet and nutrition and working in the elementary school are associated with the a few barriers encountered when teaching students to be diet and nutrition teachers. Therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness of the importance of acquiring a teaching license for diet and nutrition and to provide the opportunities to learn about education such as teaching planning.

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The definition, organization and composition of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education(IUHPE)were introduced in this article. Japan belongs to the Northern Part of the Western Pacific(NPWP)region, and the author has served as the NPWP chairman in the past 6 years. This article also described IUHPE/NPWP activities from 2004 to 2010 and summarized Japan's contributions.
The progress of economic development in the NPWP region is remarkable. To foster health promotion and health education in this region, the increasing involvement of NGOs and private sector partners is highly anticipated.

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The International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) is a non-governmental organization developed in partnership with the WHO. To understand the direction of the IUHPE, an understanding of WHO strategy is essential; its starting point is the definition of health. When Japan translated the English definition of health in 1951, the meaning of the word “complete” was understood as emphasizing the greatness of degree or amount to the maximum possible extent (Meaning 1). However, the word “complete” has another meaning, centered on the idea of not lacking any necessary parts (Meaning 2). We originally adopted the first interpretation in Japan and have been using it continuously for half a century. In this paper, firstly, the author discussed the possible outcomes of the Japanese understanding of health as originated from its different definitions. The original meanings of health-related terms are not typically discussed in Japan, and this tendency may result in a biased understanding of health. Secondly, the author discussed strategies to be rid of such closed understandings of health. For us and for Japanese health education and promotion scientists, mutual exchanges and discussions are essential, especially in transnational and global settings. The IUHPE, particularly the regional committee for the Northern Part of Western Pacific (NPWP) region, is a valuable setting for us to learn about health, realizing recent dynamic health promotion developments in East Asian countries.

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The purpose of the present study was to review the concept, procedures, purpose, methods and current status of Health Impact Assessment (HIA), and to discuss the possibility of its application toward community health promotion in Japan.
HIA has been widely used in Europe and the USA; out of 151 case studies, 40% reported the results of HIA adaptation to total health policy for healthy cities. In a workshop at the 20th IUHPE wold conference, presenters from Britain, Switzerland, Canada, and Australia reported on the content of HIA. HIA played a positive role in supporting decision makers, addressing health inequalities, facilitating interconnected forms of reasoning and judgment, and extending citizens' participation, as a tool for multi-level community health promotion. On the other hand, few such reports were available in Japan.
Applying the HIA toward community health promotion represents an important method for building more effective and efficient health policy. The initiative of the local health center staff members would be expected, because they occupy central positions among decision makers, specialists, and citizens. First of all, it is important to create a culturally specific method based on the HIA; this should be followed by its practical application to increase the evidence of HIA implementation in Japan.

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After attending the 20th IUHPE World Conference on Health Promotion, I reviewed the sessions and presentations about occupational health, analyzed the present situation of workplace health promotion (WHP) and discussed future perspectives.
In this conference, a symposium entitled “Salutogenic approaches to workplace health-structure and function-a European perspective in a global world” was held. The participants argued that the salutogenic approach and the sense of coherence (SOC) could provide a comprehensive model and theory for WHP. To move forward, an intervention study related to the salutogenic theory that targets organizations as well as individuals will be necessary in the future. The recently introduced concept of work engagement, which is defined as a state of vigor, dedication, and absorption of workers, is a positive psychological concept that merges the salutogenic theory and SOC in WHP.
To sustain WHP, the accumulation of evidence and practical application of the salutogenic theory and/or positive psychology at the level of organizations as well as individuals will be needed. In addition, collaborative work and action among occupational health professionals, employees, employers, and various fields of specialists is imperative for the betterment of WHP.

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The purpose of this article was to review the studies on youth risk behaviors reported at the 20th IUHPE World Conference from three viewpoints - focus on actual trends, factors related to risk behaviors and evaluation of interventions - in order to develop suggestions for future studies on risk behaviors in Japan and overseas.
The main findings were as follows.
1) It is urgently necessary to carry out nationwide surveys to understand trends in youth risk behaviors in Japan. Furthermore, the establishment of a system to enable subsequent nationwide surveys is necessary.
2) Clarification of the factors related to risk behaviors of youth from a wider perspective will continue to be required in the future. Furthermore, the promotion of studies to construct a comprehensive model of the structural factors related to risk behaviors is also desired.
3) Results from studies evaluating interventions related to youth risk behaviors are being steadily reported. More persuasive study results are expected through implementation of experimental designs and long-term follow-up evaluations.

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